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Barr Rosenberg and Barra

Abstract

Barra was a provider of investment decision tools to investment institutions worldwide. Barra products included indices and portfolio risk and performance analytics for use in managing equity, fixed income, and multi-asset class portfolios. The case study tells the story of Barra and how the firm provided valid risk models; databases that were extensive, accurate, and timely; and decision systems to make the models useful in realistic situations--all delivered at a price that clients could afford and (usually) in a vocabulary they could understand. The case study is mostly a summary of the firm and provides basic information regarding the firm and its history.

This case was prepared for inclusion in Sage Business Cases primarily as a basis for classroom discussion or self-study, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective management styles. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be an endorsement of any kind. This case is for scholarly, educational, or personal use only within your university, and cannot be forwarded outside the university or used for other commercial purposes.

2026 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resources

Exhibit 1: Acquisition by Morgan Stanley

In November 2003, Kamal Duggirala announced that he would step down as the company’s CEO due to a family illness. Morgan Stanley found an attractive opportunity and discussed options with the Barra’s board of directors. In April 2004, Barra was acquired by Morgan Stanley and its operations were combined with that of Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI). Morgan Stanley paid $816.4 million in cash or $41 a share for the common stock, which was a 9 percent premium over the previous closing price.

Figure

Exhibit 2: Barra Timeline

1970s
  • 1975—Barr Rosenberg and Andrew Rudd create Barr Rosenberg & Associates, soon to be known as Barra Inc.
  • ERISA was established as a framework for employer-sponsored pension plans.
  • Barra’s first product: US equity risk measurement and portfolio optimization.
  • Change in monetary policy dramatically increases asset volatility.
  • Barra coins industry standards: Tracking Error, Active Risk, Information Ratio, and MCAR.
  • Rampant inflation in the European markets.
  • Barra invents performance attribution products.
  • May Day. Deregulation of U.S. securities industry.
1980s
  • Mini computers and PCs become widely accepted.
  • Barra adds equity and fixed income models for Japan, UK, and Canada.
  • Barra builds products for VAX and DOS platforms.
  • Big Bang. Deregulation of UK financial services.
  • Barra launches first global equity and fixed income models.
  • Emergence of electronic trading.
  • Barra launches POSIT—world’s first electronic equity-matching system.
  • Growth in global bond investments, futures arbitrage, and portfolio trading.
1990s
  • Barra unveils emerging markets model, expanding global coverage to 15,000 assets.
  • Client server technology is widely adopted.
  • Barra launches Windows-based product suite.
  • Barra announces TotalRisk—first enterprise risk management system for asset managers.
  • Orange County, LTCM, Asian and Russian crises uncover demand for firm-wide risk management.
  • Barra releases EMU-compatible global fixed income and equity models.
  • The Euro is born. Changes in European credit markets follow.
2000s
  • The internet becomes a widely adopted technology.
  • Barra announces the Barra Integrated Model, the world’s first multi-asset class, global risk model.
  • The dot com bubble bursts.
  • Barra unveils web-based ASP product—BarraOne.
  • Barra launches Risk Factor product for financial intermediaries.
  • Corporate governance crisis and defaults.
  • Barra releases new credit model including Europe, UK, and U.S. credit spread risk models.

Source: Barra Marketing Brochure.

Exhibit 3: The Evolution of Risk Management

Professional Biographies
Barr Rosenberg

After co-founding Barra in 1975, Mr. Rosenberg co-founded Rosenberg Institutional Equity Management in May 1985, which was sold to AXA Investment Managers in 1999. Mr. Rosenberg earned a B.A. in Economics from University of California, Berkeley in 1963, an MSc. in Mathematical Economics and Econometrics from the London School of Economics in 1964, and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1968.

Richard Grinold

Director of Research Barclays Global Investors (BGI) since 1994. Prior to BGI, Mr. Grinold spent 14 years at Barra as a consultant, the Director of Research, and President. He spent 20 years on the faculty of the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley as Chairman of the Finance faculty, Chairman of the Management Science faculty, and Director of the Berkeley Program in Finance. Mr. Grinold was a Research Fellow at Harvard in 1968-1969, and a Fellow at CORE in Louvain Belgium in 1974. He served as a visiting professor at HEC near Paris in 1979-1980, and at the Harvard Business School in 1983-1984. He is the co-author of Active Portfolio Management: Quantitative Theory and Applications. Mr. Grinold received his B.Sc. with Honors in Physics from Tufts University and his Ph.D. in Operations Research from University of California, Berkeley in 1968.

Andrew Rudd

Chairman of Barra. Mr. Rudd was the co-founder of Barra and held the positions of Partner, Managing Partner, Managing Director, President, and CEO. He taught at the business schools of Cornell University and UC Berkeley. Mr. Rudd co-authored “Modern Portfolio Theory” and “Option Pricing.” He received a BSc. in Mathematics from University of Sussex, Falmer in 1968, an M.S. in Operations Research (1971), an MBA (1976), and Ph.D. in Operations Research (1978) from University of California, Berkeley.

Aamir Sheikh

President of Barra, Inc. Mr. Sheikh was instrumental in the development and leadership of Barra’s enterprise risk management efforts. Under his tutelage, Barra launched the first firm-wide risk management solution for the investment management community. In addition, Mr. Sheikh has provided significant leadership to Barra’s research practice since he joined the company in June 1994. Prior to joining Barra, he was a professor of finance at Indiana University and at Washington University. Mr. Sheikh has a Ph.D. in finance from the University of California, Berkeley. He received his A.B. summa cum laude from Columbia University in New York City, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

Edward D. Baker III

CEO Alliance Capital Limited and Chief Investment Officer of Emerging Markets Equities. Mr. Baker joined Alliance Capital in 1995 and currently serves as head of Alliance Capital’s Emerging Markets Growth Equity and specialty portfolios businesses. Prior to joining Alliance in 1995, Mr. Baker joined Barra in 1978 and became Director of Marketing in 1986, a position he held until 1992. Mr. Baker earned a B.A. from the University of South Florida and an M.A. from the University of California at Berkeley, where he was a Regents Fellow. He has also completed work towards a Ph.D. in both mathematics and finance.

Stan E. Beckers

Managing Director of Active Equity Strategies at Barclays Global Investors in London. Prior to joining BGI, Mr. Beckers was the Chief Investment Office of Kedge Capital and Global Head of Investments at WestLB Asset Management. At Barra, Mr. Beckers, was the President of Institutional Analytics. He was also a Professor of Finance at European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management and Vlaamse Economische Hogeschool in Brussels. Mr. Beckers earned an Engineering degree in Quantitative Methods and Computer Sciences from KULeuven, Belgium (1973) and a Ph.D. in Finance from the University of California, Berkeley in 1979.

Kamal Duggirala

CEO of Barra from 2000 to 2003/4. Mr. Duggirala joined Barra in 1984 and served as President from 1994 to 2000. He was instrumental in the development of the Portfolio System for Institutional Trading (POSIT) and Barra’s Options Trading System (BOTS). Mr. Duggirala received an M.S. in Operations Research and M.B.A. in Finance from the University of California, Berkeley.

Arjun Divecha

Member of the board at Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo (GMO) and is responsible for managing the GMO Emerging markets Fund, the GMO Emerging Countries Fund, and the GMO Asia Fund. Prior to joining GMO, Mr. Divecha spent 12 years at Barra directing software development, marketing, client service, and emerging markets research and development from 1981 to 1993. Mr. Divecha received a Bachelor of Technology in Aeronautical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology in 1979 and an M.B.A. in Finance from Cornell University in 1981.

Kenneth Reid

Founding partner and the Global Chief Investment Officer of AXA Rosenberg. Mr. Reid has responsibility for the oversight of investment implementation across all regions. He is also a member of the firm’s Global Executive Committee and Board of Directors. Prior to joining AXA Rosenberg, Mr. Reid worked as a consultant at Barra from 1981 to 1986. His responsibilities included estimating multiple-factor risk models, designing and evaluating active management strategies, and serving as an internal consultant on econometric matters in finance. Mr. Reid earned both a B.B.A. degree (1973) and an M.D.S. (1975) from Georgia State University, Atlanta. In 1982, he earned a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, where he was awarded the American Bankers Association Fellowship.

Ronald N. Khan

Heads BGI’s active equity research globally, with overall responsibility for research on U.S., Japan, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Mr. Kahn is a well-known expert on portfolio management, risk modeling, and quantitative analysis. Prior to joining BGI, Mr. Kahn spent over seven years as director of research at Barra, where his research spanned the equity and fixed income markets both in the U.S. and globally. He has published numerous articles on investment management, and he ran the Barra Research seminars for many years. He co-authored, (with Richard Grinold), the influential book Active Portfolio Management: Quantitative Theory and Applications. Mr. Kahn received his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University in 1985, his AB in physics, summa cum laude from Princeton in 1978, and was a post-doctoral fellow in physics at UC Berkeley.

C. Richard Bartels, Jr.

Director of Marketing at Baker Investment Group. Mr. Bartels most recently served as Senior Vice President and Director of Portfolio Trading at Jefferies & Company, New York. Prior to that, he was Senior Vice President—International Equity Management at Franklin Portfolio Associates. Mr. Bartels was Director of Global Marketing and Client service at Batterymarch Financial Management, Boston and a founding partner and Director of Portfolio Management at Rosenberg Institutional Equity Management. Other previous experience includes President and CEO of Coolidge Rock Capital Corporation. Mr. Bartels received his M.B.A. in Finance from Babson College and his B.A. in Economics at the University of Bridgeport. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst.

Source: Barra.

Exhibit 4: Financials

Figure

Source: Barra.

This case was prepared for inclusion in Sage Business Cases primarily as a basis for classroom discussion or self-study, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective management styles. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be an endorsement of any kind. This case is for scholarly, educational, or personal use only within your university, and cannot be forwarded outside the university or used for other commercial purposes.

2026 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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