Introduction

1 Association for Talent Development, “About Us.” Retrieved from https://www.td.org/about on August 24, 2018.

2 Maura Kennedy, “The ATD Framework: Evaluating Learning Impact,” August 19, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/insights/the-atd-talent-development-framework-evaluating-learning-impact on August 24, 2018.

3 Vinesh, “The Role of Training and Development in Organizational Development,” International Journal of Management and International Business Studies 4, no. 2 (2014): 213–220.

4 Karl Kapp and Robyn Defelice, “Time to Develop One Hour of Training.” Retrieved from https://www.td.org/newsletters/learning-circuits/time-to-develop-one-hour-of-training-2009 on March 12, 2019.

5 Thomas N. Garavan, Pat Costine, and Noreen Heraty, Training and Development in Ireland: Context, Policy and Practice (Dublin: Oak Tree Press, in association with Irish Institute of Training and Development, 1995), p. 1.

6 Kapp and Defelice, “Time to Develop One Hour of Training.”

7 Chuck Hodell, “All About ADDIE.” Retrieved from https://www.td.org/newsletters/atd-links/all-about-addie on August 15, 2018.

8 Robert A. Reiser and John V. Dempsey, Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, 3rd ed. (Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012).

9 John L. Holland, Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1985).

Chapter 1

1 PepsiCo, “Talent.” Retrieved from https://www.pepsico.com/sustainability/talent on March 15, 2019.

2 Masternak & Associates, “What Is Gainsharing? The Basics.” Retrieved from http://www.masternak.com/gainsharing-what-is.asp on April 13, 2016.

3 Sumita Raghuram and Richard D. Arvey, “Business Strategy Links With Staffing and Training Practices,” Human Resource Planning 17, no. 3 (1994): 35–73.

4 Herbert G. Heneman, Timothy A. Judge, and John Kammeyer-Mueller, Staffing Organizations (Middleton, WI: Mendota Press, 2014).

5 Peter Carbonara, “Hire for Attitude, Train for Skill,” Fast Company, August/September 1996.

6 Julie Weber, “How Southwest Airlines Hires Such Dedicated People,” Harvard Business Review, December 2, 2015. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/12/how-southwest-airlines-hires-such-dedicated-people on 1/12/16.

7 Southwest Careers, “Benefits.” Retrieved from https://careers.southwestair.com/benefits on March 15, 2019.

8 Laurence S. Fink and Clinton Oliver Longenecker, “Training as a Performance Appraisal Improvement Strategy,” Career Development International[Page 397]3, no. 6 (1998): 243–251.

9 Association for Talent Development, Aligning for Success: Connecting Learning to Business Performance (Alexandria, VA: Author, 2015).

10 Ibid.

11 Impact International, White Paper: Aligning Training With Corporate Strategy (2011). Retrieved from https://cdns3.trainingindustry.com/media/3674124/impact%20aligning%20training%20with%20corporate%20strategy.pdf on April 8, 2016.

12 Selva Staub, “Training and Development Programs as Support of Corporate Strategy Development,” pp. 265–281 in Selected Studies on Economics and Finance, ed. Selim Başar, A. Alkan Çelik, and T. Bayramoğlu (Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2018).

13 Raghuram and Arvey, “Business Strategy Links With Staffing and Training Practices.”

14 Michael E. Porter, Competitive Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1980).

15 Raymond E. Miles and Charles C. Snow, Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978).

16 Hai-Ming Chen and Shu-Tzu Hung, “Systematic Linking of Organizational Strategy, HR Strategy, and Training Strategy Across OLC,” International Journal of Business Strategy 10, no. 1 (2010): 104–115.

17 Ibid.

18 Walmart, “Careers: The Business of Better.” Retrieved from https://careers.walmart.com/values on March 15, 2019.

19 Chen and Hung, “Systematic Linking of Organizational Strategy, HR Strategy, and Training Strategy Across OLC,” p. 5.

20 Procter & Gamble, “Careers.” Retrieved from https://www.pgcareers.com/ on March 15, 2019.

21 U.S. Banking Act (1933). Pub. L. 73–66, 48 Stat. 162, enacted June 16, 1933.

22 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (1999). Pub. L. 106–102, 113 Stat. 1338, enacted November 12, 1999.

23 Association for Talent Development, “Vision, Mission, Code of Ethics.” Retrieved from https://www.td.org/about/vision-mission-code-of-ethics on March 17, 2019.

24 Association for Talent Development, Global Trends in Talent Development (Alexandria, VA: Author, 2015).

25 The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 to help protect investors from fraudulent financial reporting by corporations. Also known as the Corporate Responsibility Act of 2002, it mandated strict reforms to existing securities regulations and imposed tough new penalties on lawbreakers. See www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sarbanesoxleyact.asp.

Chapter 2

1Hoffman v. Caterpillar Inc., 256 F. 3d 568 (Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit, 2001).

2 Julie Dabrowski, “The Exception That Doesn’t Prove the Rule: Why Congress Should Narrow ENDA’s Religious Exemption to Protect the Rights of LGBTQ Employees,” American University Law Review 63, no. 6 (2014): 1957–1984.

3 Society for Human Resource Management, “Code of Ethics,” November 16, 2007, as amended November 21, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/about-shrm/Pages/code-of-ethics.aspx on March 17, 2019.

4 United Farm Workers, “The Story of Cesar Chavez.” Retrieved from https://ufw.org/research/history/story-cesar-chavez/ on March 17, 2019.

5 Daniel Reynolds, “Bill de Blasio Urges Boycott of Chick-fil-A,” Advocate, May 8, 2016. Retrieved from [Page 398]http://www.advocate.com/politicians/2016/5/08/bill-de-blasio-urges-boycott-chick-fil on March 17, 2019.

6 M. Alex Johnson, “Southern Baptists End 8-Year Disney Boycott,” NBC News, June 22, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8318263/ns/us_news/t/southern-baptists-end--year-disney-boycott/#.V408StIrLcs on March 17, 2019.

7McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–805, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973).

8 James E. Prieger and Wei-Min Hu, “The Broadband Digital Divide and the Nexus of Race, Competition, and Quality,” Information Economics and Policy 20, no. 2 (2008): 150–167.

9 David M. Kaplan, “Can Diversity Training Discriminate? Backlash to Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual Diversity Initiatives,” Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal 18, no. 1 (2006): 61–72.

10 Lainey Feingold, “Digital Accessibility and the Quest for Online Equality,” Journal of Internet Law 21, no. 4 (2017): 3–12.

11 Kevin Gumienny, “E-learning FOR ALL,” Talent Development 71, no. 8 (2017): 38–43.

12 Jennifer L. Thompson and Scott B. Morris, “What Factors Influence Judges’ Rulings About the Legality of Affirmative Action Plans?” Journal of Business Psychology 28, no. 4 (2013): 411–424.

13 Michael Pires, “Independent Contractor or Employee? Are You Sure?” Franchising World 47, no. 5 (2015): 42–44.

Chapter 3

1 Judith Brown, “Training Needs Assessment: A Must for Developing an Effective Training Program,” Public Personnel Management 31, no. 4 (2002): 569–574.

2 Sarah Cook, “Linking Learning Needs Analysis to Business Needs,” The Stairway Consultancy. Retrieved from http://www.thestairway.co.uk/publications/learning-needs-analysis.html on March 18, 2019.

3 Marc J. Rosenberg, “The Four C’s of Success: Culture, Champions, Communication, and Change,” pp. 193–217 in The ASTD E-learning Handbook, ed. A. Rossett (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002).

4 Yuka Fujimoto and Charmine E. J. Härtel, “Organizational Diversity Learning Framework: Going Beyond Diversity Training Programs,” Personnel Review 46, no. 6 (2017): 1120–1141.

5 Cook, “Linking Learning Needs Analysis to Business Needs.”

6 Erik B. Cline and Pennie S. Seibert, “Help for First-Time Needs Assessors,” Training & Development 47, no. 5 (1993): 99–101.

7 Derek R. Avery, Patrick F. McKay, David C. Wilson, and Scott Tonidandel, “Unequal Attendance: The Relationships Between Race, Organizational Diversity Cues and Absenteeism,” Personnel Psychology 60, no. 4 (2007): 875–902.

8 Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), “How to Conduct a Training Needs Assessment.” Available from https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/how-to-guides/pages/conduct-training-needs-assessment.aspx?widget=mostpopular2.

9 Ronald L. Jacobs and Michael J. Jones, Structured On-the-Job Training: Unleashing Employee Expertise in the Workplace (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1995).

10 Roni Reiter-Palmon, Michael Brown, Darrel L. Sandall, Cara Beth Buboltz, and Thomas Nimps, “Development of an O*NET Web-Based Job Analysis and Its Implementation in the U.S. Navy: Lessons Learned,” Human Resource Management Review 16, no. 3 (2006): 293–309.

11 SHRM, “How to Conduct a Training Needs Assessment.”[Page 399]

12 Cook, “Linking Learning Needs Analysis to Business Needs.”

13 Alison M. Dachner, Brian M. Saxton, Raymond A. Noe, and Kathryn E. Keeton, “To Infinity and Beyond: Using a Narrative Approach to Identify Training Needs for Unknown and Dynamic Situations,” Human Resource Development Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2013): 239–267.

14 Cook, “Linking Learning Needs Analysis to Business Needs.”

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Jeffrey M. Cucina, Nicholas R. Martin, Nicholas L. Vasilopoulos, and Henry F. Thibodeuax, “Self-Serving Bias Effects on Job Analysis Ratings,” The Journal of Psychology 146, no. 5 (2012): 511–531.

18 George C. Thornton III and Diana E. Krause, “Selection Versus Development Assessment Centers: An International Survey of Design, Execution, and Evaluation,” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 20, no. 2 (2009): 478–498.

19 Ricky W. Griffin and Gregory Moorhead, Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, 10th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western, 2008).

20 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper & Row, 1954).

21 Gregory J. Lee, “Training Match and Mismatch as a Driver of Key Employee Behaviours,” Human Resource Management Journal 25, no. 4 (2015): 478–495.

22 Ibid.

23 Clayton P. Alderfer, Existence, Relatedness, and Growth: Human Needs in Organizational Settings (New York: Free Press, 1972).

24 David C. McClelland, The Achievement Society (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1961).

25 Victor H. Vroom, Work and Motivation (New York: Wiley, 1964).

26 Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen, Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975).

27 John Stacey Adams, “Injustice in Social Exchange,” pp. 267–299 in Advances in Experimental and Social Psychology, Vol. 2, ed. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press, 1965).

28 Lee, “Training Match and Mismatch as a Driver of Key Employee Behaviours.”

29 Final Shipley and Pat Golden, “How to Analyze and Address Your Organization’s Learning Needs,” T+D 67, no. 3 (2013): 29–31.

30 Timothy McClernon, “Rivals to Systematic Training,” Advances in Developing Human Resources 8, no. 4 (2006): 442–459.

31 Bill Stetar, “Training: It’s Not Always the Answer,” Quality Progress 38, no. 3 (2005): 43–49.

32 Shipley and Golden, “How to Analyze and Address Your Organization’s Learning Needs.”

Chapter 4

1 Kellye Whitney, “What’s the Difference Between Learning and Training?” CLO Magazine, January 18, 2006. Retrieved from http://cedma-europe.org/newsletter%20articles/Clomedia/Whats%20the%20Difference%20between%20Learning%20and%20Training%20(Jan%2006).pdf on March 20, 2019.

2 Ibid.

3 Benjamin S. Bloom, ed., Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain (New York: Longman, 1956); Lorin W. Anderson and David R. Krathwohl, eds., A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001).[Page 400]

4 Yuly, “What Is Bloom’s Taxonomy and Why Should It Be Used in Workplace Training?” The Art of Instructional Design and E-Learning, November 29, 2010. Retrieved from https://instructionaldesignblog.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/what-is-blooms-taxonomy-and-why-should-it-be-used-in-workplace-training/ on March 7, 2016.

5 “Ivan Pavlov: Biographical,” The Nobel Prize. Retrieved from http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html on March 21, 2019.

6 John B. Watson, The Ways of Behaviorism (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1928).

7 B. F. Skinner, “‘Superstition’ in the Pigeon,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 38 (1948): 168–172.

8 Stephen Flora, The Power of Reinforcement (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004).

9 Thomas Frazier, “Obey the Learning Laws,” TD 72, no. 9 (September 2018): 26–31.

10 Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986).

11 Joan Grusec, “Social Learning Theory and Developmental Psychology: The Legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura,” Developmental Psychology 28, no. 5 (1992): 776–786.

12 Albert Bandura, “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,” Psychological Review 84, no. 2 (1977): 191–215.

13 Marilyn E. Gist and Terence R. Mitchell, “Self-Efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability,” Academy of Management Review 17, no. 2 (1992): 183–221.

14 “Cognitivism,” Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved from http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html on March 8, 2016.

15 John Sweller, “Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning,” Cognitive Science 12, no. 2 (1988): 257–285.

16 Richard C. Atkinson and Richard M. Shiffrin, “Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes,” pp. 89–195 in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol. 2, ed. K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (New York: Academic Press, 1968).

17 David E. Rumelhart, James L. McClelland, and PDP Research Group, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, vols. 1–2 (Cambridge, MA: PDP Research Group, 1986).

18 “Problem-Based Learning (PBL),” Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved from http://www.learning-theories.com/problem-based-learning-pbl.html on March 8, 2016.

19 Bradford S. Bell and Steve W. J. Kozlowski, “Active Learning: Effects of Core Training Design Elements on Self-Regulatory Processes, Learning, and Adaptability,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93, no. 2 (2008): 296–316.

20 Ibid.

21 Chris Argyris and Donald A. Schön, Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974).

22 Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

23 David A. Kolb, Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984).

24 Karsten Kenklies, “Educational Theory as Topological Rhetoric: The Concepts of Pedagogy of Johann Friedrich Herbart and Friedrich Schleiermacher,” Studies in Philosophy and Education 31, no. 3 (2012): 265–273.

25 Malcolm Knowles, The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species, 3rd ed. (Houston, TX: Gulf, 1984).

26 Shirley J. Caruso, “Malcolm Knowles and the Six Assumptions Underlying Andragogy,” HRDevelopmentInfo. Retrieved from https://hrdevelopmentinfo.com/malcolm-knowles-and-the-six-assumptions-underlying-andragogy/ on March 21, 2019.[Page 401]

27 Anne Hartree, “Malcolm Knowles’ Theory of Andragogy: A Critique,” International Journal of Lifelong Education 3, no. 3 (1984): 203–210.

28 Malcolm Knowles, The Making of an Adult Educator: An Autobiographical Journey (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989).

29 Sharan B. Merriam, Rosemary S. Caffarella, and Lisa M. Baumgartner, Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007).

30 Ann Hanson, “The Search for Separate Theories of Adult Learning: Does Anyone Really Need Andragogy?,” pp. 99–108 in Boundaries of Adult Learning: Adult Learners, Education and Training, vol. 1, ed. R. Edwards, A. Hanson, and P. Raggatt (London: Routledge, 1996).

31 Stephen Brookfield, Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Principles and Effective Practice (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986).

32 Barry Chametzky, The Interconnectedness of Learning: How Andragogy Can Improve the Online Learning Experience,” American Journal of Educational Science 4, no. 4 (2018): 93–99.

33 Stewart Hase and Chris Kenyon, “From Andragogy to Heutagogy,” Ultibase, December 2000.

34 Ibid.

35 Alan Clardy, “Learning on Their Own: Vocationally Oriented Self-Directed Learning Projects,” Human Resource Development Quarterly 11, no. 2 (2000): 105–125.

36 Alexis Carr, K. Balasubramian, Rosemary Atieno, and James Onyango, “Lifelong Learning to Empowerment: Beyond Formal Education,” Distance Education 39, no. 1 (2018): 69–86.

37 Frank Coffield, David Moseley, Elaine Hall, and Kathryn Ecclestone, Learning Styles and Pedagogy in Post-16 Learning: A Systematic and Critical Review (London: Learning and Skills Research Centre, 2004).

38 Christopher W. Allinson and John Hayes, “The Cognitive Style Index,” Journal of Management Studies 33 (1996): 119–135.

39 Richard M. Felder, “Are Learning Styles Invalid? (Hint: NO!),” On-Course Newsletter, September 27, 2010.

40 Ibid.

41 Doug Rohrer and Harold Pashler, “Learning Styles: Where’s the Evidence?” Medical Education 46 (2012): 34–35.

42 Michael Urick, “Adapting Training to Meet the Preferred Learning Styles of Different Generations,” International Journal of Training and Development, 21 no. 1 (2016): 53–59.

43 Thomas C. Reeves and Eunjung Oh, “Generational Differences,” Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology 3 (2008): 295–303.

44 Janice Ware, Rosemary Craft, and Steve Kerschenbaum, “Training Tomorrow’s Workforce,” Training and Development 61, no. 4 (2007): 58.

45 Ibid.

Chapter 5

1 Keith H. Hammonds, “Why We Hate HR,” Fast Company, August 2005.

2 Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe, Understanding by Design (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall, 1998).

3 Ibid.

4 Richard Griffin, “A Practitioner Friendly and Scientifically Robust Training Evaluation Approach,” Journal of Workplace Learning 24, no. 6 (2012): 393–402.

5 Marjorie Derven, “Building a Strategic Approach to Learning Evaluation,” TD, November 2012. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/magazines/td-magazine/building-a-strategic-approach-to-learning-evaluation on March 22, 2019.[Page 402]

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.

8 Deborah Spring Laurel, “Jump Start Your Learning Objectives,” InfoLine 25, no. 0804 (April 2008).

9 Michael R. Lewis et al., “How to Write Training Objectives,” wikiHow. Retrieved from www.wikihow.com/Write-Training-Objectives on January 31, 2017.

10 Donald L. Kirkpatrick, Evaluating Human Relations Programs for Industrial Foremen and Supervisors (Unpublished Dissertation, 1954).

11 ATD Staff, “ASTD: A New Study Shows Training Evaluation Efforts Need Help,” Association for Talent Development, November 17, 2009. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/Publications/Blogs/ATD-Blog/2009/11/ASTD-New-Study-Shows-Training-Evaluation-Efforts-Need-Help on October 4, 2016.

12 Kirkpatrick Partners, “The Kirkpatrick Model Is 50 Years New.” Retrieved from https://www.kirkpatrickpartners.com/Products/Dr-Donald-L-Kirkpatrick-Dissertation on March 22, 2019.

13 Jim Kirkpatrick and Wendy Kirkpatrick, “The Four Levels of Evaluation: An Update,” TD at Work (February 2015): 5.

14 Ajay Pangarkar and Teresa Kirkwood, “Flipping the Levels of Evaluation,” ATD Links, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/newsletters/atd-links/flipping-the-levels-of-evaluation on March 22, 2019.

15 Stephanie Beadell, “Surveys 101: A Simple Guide to Asking Effective Questions.” Retrieved from https://zapier.com/learn/forms-surveys/writing-effective-survey/ on March 22, 2019.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid.

20 ATD Staff, “ASTD.”

21 Ibid.

22 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, “Four Levels of Evaluation,” 4.

23 Ibid., 8.

24 Terence R. Mitchell, “Motivation: New Directions for Theory, Research, and Practice,” Academy of Management Review 7, no. 1 (1982): 80–88.

25 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, “Four Levels of Evaluation,” 4.

26 Ibid.

27 Albert Bandura, “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,” Psychological Review 84, no. 2 (1977): 191–215.

28 Albert Bandura, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control (New York: Worth, 1997).

Chapter 6

1 Donald Kirkpatrick and James D. Kirkpatrick, Transferring Learning to Behavior: Using the Four Levels to Improve Performance, digital book location 94 (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2005).

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Andrew Downes, Learning Evaluation Theory: Anderson’s Value of Learning Model. Retrieved from https://www.watershedlrs.com/hubfs/CO/Anderson_White_Paper/Learning_Evaluation_Anderson.pdf on March 23, 2019.

5 James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012).

6 Ibid.

7 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, Transferring Learning to Behavior, digital book location 382.

8 Ibid., digital book location 638.

9 Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986).[Page 403]

10 Chris Argyris and Donald A. Schön, Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974).

11 David Kolb, Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984).

12 Ann Latham, “Why Training Fails,” ATD Management Blog, October 2, 2013.

13 Ibid.

14 Alan Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review (Towson University Working Paper 2006), 7.

15 James Kirkpatrick and Wendy Kirkpatrick, “The Four Levels of Evaluation: An Update,” TD at Work (February 2015): 3.

16 Robert O. Brinkerhoff, Telling Training’s Story: Evaluation Made Simple, Credible, and Effective (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2006).

17 Dan Ariely, Uri Gneezy, George Loewenstein, and Nina Mazar, Large Stakes and Big Mistakes (Working paper series: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, No. 05-11, 2005).

18 Daniel H. Pink, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009).

19 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, “Four Levels of Evaluation,” 2.

20 Ibid., 7.

21 ATD Staff, “The Value of Evaluation: Usage and Value of Kirkpatrick/Phillips Model,” Association for Talent Development, October 29, 2009. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/insights/the-value-of-evaluation-usage-and-value-of-kirkpatrick-phillips-model on March 24, 2019.

22 Ibid.

23 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, Transferring Learning to Behavior, digital book location 117.

24 Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, “The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance,” Harvard Business Review (January–February, 1992).

25 “Training Evaluation Metrics.” Retrieved from https://training-evaluation-metrics.com on January 9, 2017.

26 Bryant Nielson, “Top 10 Training Metrics,” Your Training Edge, May 9, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.yourtrainingedge.com/top-10-training-metrics/ on March 24, 2019.

27 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, “Four Levels of Evaluation,” 2.

28 Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review, 2.

29 Dennis R. Laker, “Dual Dimensionality of Training Transfer,” Human Resources Development Quarterly 1, no. 3 (1990): 209–235.

30 J. Kevin Ford and Daniel A. Weissbein, “Transfer of Training: An Updated Review and Analysis,” Performance Improvement Quarterly 10, no. 2 (1997): 22–41.

31 Otto Jelsma and Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer, “The ADAPT Design Model: Towards Instructional Control of Transfer,” Instructional Science 19, no. 2 (1990): 89–120.

32 Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review, 4.

33 E. L. Thorndike and R. S. Woodworth, “The Influence of Movement in One Mental Function Upon the Efficiency of Other Functions,” Psychological Review 8 (1901): 247–261.

34 Timothy T. Baldwin and J. Kevin Ford, “Transfer of Training: A Review and Directions for Future Research,” Personnel Psychology 41 (1988): 63–105.

35 Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review, 14.

36 Elwood F. Holton III, Reid A. Bates, and Wendy E. A. Ruona, “Development of a Generalized Learning Transfer System Inventory,” Human Resource Development Quarterly 11, no. 4 (2000): 333–360.

37 Ibid.

38 Sharon S. Naquin and Elwood F. Holton III, “The Effects of Personality, Affectivity, and Work Commitment on Motivation to Improve Work Through Learning,” Human Resources Development Quarterly 13, no. 4 (2002): 357–376.

39 David M. Herold, Walter Davis, Donald B. Fedor, and Charles K. Parsons, “Dispositional [Page 404]Influences on Transfer of Learning in Multistage Training Programs,” Personnel Psychology 55, no. 4 (2002): 851–870.

40 Michela Vignoli and Marco Depolo, “Transfer of Training Process: When Proactive Personality Matters? A Three-Wave Investigation of Proactive Personality as a Trigger of the Transfer of Training Process.” Personality and Individual Differences 141 (2019): 62–67.

41 Raymond A. Noe, “Trainees’ Attributes and Attitudes: Neglected Influences on Training Effectiveness,” Academy of Management Review 11, no. 4 (1986): 736–749.

42 Scott I. Tannenbaum and Gary Yukl, “Training and Development,” Annual Review of Psychology 43 (1992): 399–442; Marilyn E. Gist, Cynthia K. Stevens, and Anna G. Bavetta, “Effects of Self-Efficacy and Post-Training Intervention on the Acquisition and Maintenance of Complex Interpersonal Skills,” Personnel Psychology 44, no. 4 (1991): 837–861.

43 Maria Simosi, “The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Organizational Culture-Training Transfer Relationship,” International Journal of Training and Development 16, no. 2 (2012): 92–106.

44 Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review, 24.

45 Ibid., 25.

46 Elwood F. Holton III, Reid A. Bates, Dian L. Seyler, and Manuel B. Carvalho, “Toward Construct Validation of a Transfer Climate Instrument,” Human Resources Development Quarterly 8, no. 2 (1997): 95–114.

47 Ibid.

48 Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review, 36.

49 Zuowei Wang, Renlai Zhou, and Priti Shah, “Spaced Cognitive Training Promotes Raining Transfer,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014): 1–8.

50 Clardy, Transfer of Training Literature Review, 38.

51 Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, “Four Levels of Evaluation,” 9.

52 Ibid., 11.

Chapter 7

1 Vincent Bruni-Bossio and Chelsea Willness, “The ‘Kobayashi Maru’ Meeting: High-Fidelity Experiential Learning,” Journal of Management Education 40, no. 5 (2016): 619–647.

2 Robert Sallin (Producer) and Nicholas Meyer (Director), Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures, 1982.

3 J. J. Abrams (Producer & Director), Star Trek [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures, 2009.

4 Bruni-Bossio and Willness, “‘Kobayashi Maru’ Meeting.”

5 Judith Scully Callahan, D. Scott Kiker, and Tom Cross, “Does Method Matter? A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Training Method on Older Learner Training Performance,” Journal of Management 29, no. 5 (2003): 663–680.

6 Ibid.

7 Cody Brent Cox, Laura G. Barron, William Davis, and Bernardo de la Garza, “Using Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) in Training,” Personnel Review 46, no. 1 (2017): 36–45.

8 Pam A. Mueller and Daniel M. Oppenheimer, “The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking,” Psychological Science 25, no. 6 (2014): 1159–1168.

9 Callahan et al., “Does Method Matter?”

10 David A. Kolb, Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984).[Page 405]

11 Ronald R. Sims, “Debriefing Experiential Learning Exercises in Ethics Education,” Teaching Business Ethics 6, no. 2 (2002): 179–197.

12 Ibid.

13 Robert F. Dennehy, Ronald R. Sims, and Heather E. Collins, “Debriefing Experiential Learning Exercises: A Theoretical and Practical Guide for Success,” Journal of Management Education 22, no. 1 (1998): 9–25.

14 Paul Donovan and John Townsend, “The Disaster Approach: Countering Learner Apprehension in Role-Play,” Management Teaching Review 3, no. 2 (2018): 172–180.

15 Cox et al., “Using Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) in Training.”

16 Mark A. Clark, Donna Blancero, Carol Luce, and George Marron, “Teaching Work Group–Task Congruence: The Fit for Performance Exercise,” Journal of Management Education 25, no. 5 (2001): 531.

17 Bradford S. Bell, Adam M. Kanar, and Steve W. J. Kozlowski, “Current Issues and Future Directions in Simulation-Based Training in North America,” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 19, no. 8 (2008): 1416–1434.

18 Robert E. Wood, Jens F. Beckmann, and Damian P. Birney, “Simulations, Learning and Real World Capabilities,” Education & Training 51, no. 5 (2009): 491–510.

19 William A. Drago and Richard J. Wagner, “Vark Preferred Learning Styles and Online Education,” Management Research News 27, no. 7 (2004): 1–13.

20 Jeanne Liedtka, “The Promise and Peril of Video Cases: Reflections on Their Creation and Use,” Journal of Management Education 25, no. 4 (2001): 409–424.

21 Tara Olivia Loughrey, Geneviève K. Marshall, Alana Bellizzi, and David A. Wilder, “The Use of Video Modeling, Prompting, and Feedback to Increase Credit Card Promotion in a Retail Setting,” Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 33, no. 3 (2013): 200–208.

22 David R. Bowes, “Using Television Commercials as Video Illustrations: Examples From a Money and Banking Economics Class,” American Journal of Business Education (Online) 7, no. 4 (2014): 333–338.

23 Anthony Fee and Amanda E. K. Budde-Sung, “Using Video Effectively in Diverse Classes: What Students Want,” Journal of Management Education 38, no. 6 (2014): 843–874.

24 Zane L. Berge and Lin Muilenburg, “Designing Discussion Questions for Online, Adult Learning,” pp. 183–189 in The ASTD e-Learning Handbook, ed. A. Rossett (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002).

Chapter 8

1 McDonald’s, “Hamburger University: Our Curriculum.” Retrieved from https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/corporate_careers2/training_and_development/hamburger_university/our_curriculum.html on March 26, 2019.

2 Jessica Wohl, “Hamburger University Grills Students on McDonald’s Operations,” Chicago Tribune, April 18, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-mcdonalds-hamburger-university-0419-biz-20150407-story.html on March 26, 2019.

3 Natalie Walters, “McDonald’s Hamburger University Can Be Harder to Get Into Than Harvard and Is Even Cooler Than You’d Imagine,” Business Insider, October 24, 2015. Retrieved from [Page 406]http://www.businessinsider.com/mcdonalds-hamburger-university-2333/#ray-kroc-the-illinois-native-who-bought-mcdonalds-in-1961-for-27-million-and-built-it-into-the-most-profitable-fast-food-chain-in-the-world-is-known-for-implementing-the-three-legged-stool-business-model-at-mcdonalds-the-model-represents-the-triangular-relationship-between-owneroperators-suppliers-and-company-employees-and-is-still-taught-at-hamburger-university-today-11 on March 26, 2019.

4 Timothy D. Butler, Craig Armstrong, Alex Ellinger, and George Franke, “Employer Trustworthiness, Worker Pride, and Camaraderie as a Source of Competitive Advantage,” Journal of Strategy and Management 9, no. 3 (2016): 322–343.

5 Vincent Bruni-Bossio and Chelsea Willness, “The ‘Kobayashi Maru’ Meeting: High-Fidelity Experiential Learning,” Journal of Management Education 40, no. 5 (2016): 619–647.

6 Malcolm Knowles, The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species, 3rd ed. (Houston, TX: Gulf, 1984).

7 Paul W. Thayer and Mark Teachout, A Climate for Transfer Model, AL/HR-TP-1995-0035 (Texas: Brooks Air Force Base, 1995).

8 Peter Cappelli, “Why Do Employers Retrain At-Risk Workers? The Role of Social Capital,” Industrial Relations 43, no. 2 (2004): 421–447.

9 Jenepher Lennox Terrion, “The Impact of a Management Training Program for University Administrators,” The Journal of Management Development 25, no. 2 (2006): 183–194.

10 Odd Nordhaug, “Reward Functions of Personnel Training,” Human Relations 42, no. 5 (1989): 373.

11 Victor H. Vroom, Work and Motivation (New York: Wiley, 1964).

12 Sajjad Nazir, Amina Shafi, Wang Qun, Nadia Nazir, and Quang Dung Tran, “Influence of Organizational Rewards on Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions,” Employee Relations 38, no. 4 (2016): 596–619.

13 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper & Row, 1954).

14 William J. Rothwell and H. C. Kazanas, “Planned OJT Is Productive OJT,” Training and Development Journal 44, no. 10 (1990): 53–56.

15 Gary R. Sisson, Hands-On Training: A Simple and Effective Method for On-the-Job Training (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2001).

16 Michael J. Jones and Ronald L. Jacobs, Structured On-the-Job Training: Unleashing Employee Expertise in the Workplace (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1995).

17 Marcel van der Klink and Jan Streumer, “Effectiveness of On-the-Job Training,” Journal of European Industrial Training 26, no. 2–4 (2002): 196–199.

18 Ibid.

19 Jones and Jacobs, Structured On-the-Job Training.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Thomas McNulty and Jacqueline Schmidt, “Designing an Effective Training Room,” Training & Management Development Methods 19, no. 3 (2005): 331–334.

23 Ibid.

24 Mark D. Allen, “Introduction: What Is a Corporate University, and Why Should an Organization Have One?” pp. 1–14 in The Corporate University Handbook, ed. M. Allen (New York: AMACOM American Management Association, 2002).

25 Jeanne C. Meister, Corporate Universities: Lessons in Building a World-Class Work Force (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998).

Chapter 9

1 Matt Richtel, “Technology Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say,” New York Times, November 1, 2012. Retrieved from http://nyti.ms/W8Zv7M on March 15, 2016.

2 Ibid.[Page 407]

3 Karla Gutierrez, “Four Ways Technology Is Changing How People Learn,” SHIFT eLearning, February 20, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.shiftelearning.com/blog/bid/336775/Four-Ways-Technology-Is-Changing-How-People-Learn-Infographic on March 15, 2016.

4 Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel, “Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design,” Management Science 32, no. 5 (1986): 554–571.

5 Jo Cook, “A Group You Cannot See,” Training Journal (January 1, 2015): 5–8.

6 Robyn A. Berkley, Roxanne Beard, and David M. Kaplan, “Leveraging Diversity in a Virtual Context: Global Diversity and Cyber-Aggression,” pp. 504–522 in Handbook of Research on Workforce Diversity in a Global Society: Technologies and Concepts, ed. C. L. Scott and M. Y. Byrd (Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2012).

7 Pnina Shachaf, “Bridging Cultural Diversity Through E-mail,” Journal of Global Information Technology Management 8, no. 2 (2005): 46–60.

8 Phil Gorman, Teresa Nelson, and Alan Glassman, “The Millennial Generation: A Strategic Opportunity,” Organizational Analysis 12, no. 3 (2004): 255–270.

9 Dian L. Seyler, Elwood F. Holton III, Reid A. Bates, Michael F. Burnett, and Manuel A. Carvalho, “Factors Affecting Motivation to Transfer Training,” International Journal of Training and Development 2, no. 1 (1998): 2–16.

10 Alice F. Stuhlmacher, Maryalice Citera, and Toni Willis, “Gender Differences in Virtual Negotiation: Theory and Research,” Sex Roles 57, no. 5–6 (2007): 329–339.

11 Helene Tenzer and Markus Pudelko, “Media Choice in Multilingual Virtual Teams,” Journal of International Business Studies 47, no. 4 (2016): 427–452.

12 Michael J. Kavanagh, Hal G. Gueutal, and Scott I. Tannenbaum, Human Resource Information Systems: Development and Application (Boston: PWS-Kent, 1990).

13 Ibid.

14 Howard Hills, “Learning Management Systems: Why Buy One?,” Training Journal (January 2003): 12–14.

15 Gorman et al., “The Millennial Generation.”

16 Julie Willems, “Equity in Distance Education,” pp. 17–35 in Global Challenges and Perspectives in Blended and Distance Learning, ed. J. Willems, B. Tynan, and R. James (Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2013).

17 William Horton, Designing Web-Based Training: How to Teach Anyone Anything Anywhere Anytime (New York: Wiley, 2000).

18 Philip N. Howard, Laura Busch, and Penelope Sheets, “Comparing Digital Divides: Internet Access and Social Inequality in Canada and the United States,” Canadian Journal of Communication 35, no. 1 (2010): 109–128.

19 Lainey Feingold, “Digital Accessibility and the Quest for Online Equality,” Journal of Internet Law 21, no. 4 (2017): 3–12.

20 Kevin Gumienny, “E-learning FOR ALL,” Talent Development 71, no. 8 (2017): 38–43.

21 Shonn R. Colbrunn and Darlene M. Van Tiem, “From Binders to Browsers: Converting Classroom Training to the Web,” pp. 85–95 in The ASTD e-Learning Handbook, ed. A. Rossett (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002).

22 Charissa Tan, “e-Learning and Development,” pp. 214–231 in e-HRM: Digital Approaches, Directions & Applications, ed. M. Thite (New York: Routledge, 2019).

23 Brandon Hall, “Six Steps to Developing a Successful e-Learning Initiative: Excerpts From the e-Learning Guidebook,” pp. 234–250 in The ASTD e-Learning Handbook, ed. A. Rossett (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002).

24 Horton, Designing Web-Based Training.

25 Tan, “e-Learning and Development.”

26 Shachaf, “Bridging Cultural Diversity Through E-mail.”

27 Jim Moshinskie, “How to Keep e-Learners from e-scaping,” pp. 218–233 in The ASTD e-Learning Handbook, ed. A. Rossett (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002).

28 Kirstie Donnelly, “Learning on the Move: How m-Learning Could Transform Training and Development,” Development and Learning in Organizations 23, no. 4 (2009): 8–11.[Page 408]

29 Naomi Norman, “Mobile Learning Made Easy,” T+D 65, no. 12 (2011): 52–55.

30 Ibid.

31Oxford English Dictionary, “Gamification.” Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/gamification on December 29, 2018.

32 Wendy H.-Y. Huan and Dilip Soman, A Practitioner’s Guide to Gamification of Education, Research Report Series: Behavioural Economics in Action (Toronto: Rotman School of Management, 2013).

33 Ibid.

34 Cook, “A Group You Cannot See.”

35 Ibid.

36 Tan, “e-Learning and Development.”

37 Cook, “A Group You Cannot See.”

38 Tan, “e-Learning and Development.”

39 David M. Savino, “The Impact of MOOCs on Human Resource Training and Development,” Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice 14, no. 3 (2014): 59–64.

40 Christopher Pappas, “7 Tips for Using MOOCs in Corporate e-Learning,” eLearning Industry, October 13, 2016. Retrieved from https://elearningindustry.com/tips-using-moocs-corporate-elearning on March 28, 2019.

41 Savino, “Impact of MOOCs on Human Resource Training and Development.”

42 Melissa Richardson, “Mentoring for a Dispersed Workforce,” Training & Development (October 2015): 18–19.

43 Jenny Headlam-Wells, Julian Gosland, and Jane Craig, “‘There’s Magic in the Web’: e-Mentoring for Women’s Career Development,” Career Development International 10, no. 6/7 (2005): 444–459.

44 Richardson, “Mentoring for a Dispersed Workforce,” p. 19.

Chapter 10

1 Carol Hymowitz, “Xerox’s Ursula Burns on Her Career Path and Changing Company Strategy,” Bloomberg, August 8, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-08/xeroxs-ursula-burns-on-her-career-path-and-changing-company-strategy on March 29, 2019.

2 MAKERS Team, “How Ursula Burns Worked Her Way Up to CEO of a Fortune 500 Company,” MAKERS Motivation, January 6, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.makers.com/blog/how-ursula-burns-worked-her-way-ceo-fortune-500-company on March 29, 2019.

3 Adam Bryant, “Xerox’s New Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture,” New York Times, February 20, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/business/21xerox.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

4 Rita J. S.-V. Fossen and Donald J. Vredenburgh, “Exploring Differences in Work’s Meaning: An Investigation of Individual Attributes Associated With Work Orientations,” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 15, no. 2 (2014): 101–120.

5 Ibid.

6 Donald E. Super, The Psychology of Careers (New York: Harper, 1957).

7 Douglas T. Hall and Associates, The Career Is Dead—Long Live the Career (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996).

8 Michael B. Arthur, “The Boundaryless Career: A New Perspective for Organizational Inquiry,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 15 (1994): 295–306.

9 Jon P. Briscoe and Douglas T. Hall, “The Interplay of Boundaryless and Protean Careers: Combinations and Implications,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 69 (2006): 4–18.

10 Edgar H. Schein, “Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21st Century,” Academy of Management Executive 10, no. 4 (1996): 80–88.[Page 409]

11 Sherry E. Sullivan, David F. Martin, William A. Carden, and Lisa A. Mainiero, “The Road Less Traveled: How to Manage the Recycling Career Stage,” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 10, no. 2 (2003): 34–42.

12 Kay Maddox-Daines, “Mid-career as a Process of Discovery,” Career Development International 21, no. 1 (2016): 45–59.

13 Denise Rotondo, “Individual-Difference Variables and Career-Related Coping,” The Journal of Social Psychology 139, no. 4 (1999): 458–471.

14 Corinne Post, Joy A. Schneer, Frieda Reitman, and dt ogilvie, “Pathways to Retirement: A Career Stage Analysis of Retirement Age Expectations,” Human Relations 66, no. 1 (2013): 87–112.

15 Sullivan et al., “Road Less Traveled.”

16 Ibid.

17 Herbert G. Heneman III, Timothy A. Judge, and John D. Kammeyer-Mueller, Staffing Organizations, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2012).

18 Sean T. Lyons, Linda Schweitzer, and Eddy S. W. Ng, “How Have Careers Changed? An Investigation of Changing Career Patterns Across Four Generations,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 30, no. 1 (2015): 8–21.

19 Ibid.

20 Briscoe and Hall, “Interplay of Boundaryless and Protean Careers.”

21 David M. Kaplan, “Career Anchors and Paths: The Case of Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Workers,” Human Resource Management Review 24, no. 2 (2014): 119–130.

22 Briscoe and Hall, “Interplay of Boundaryless and Protean Careers.”

23 Schein, “Career Anchors Revisited.”

24 Laura Wils, Thierry Wils, and Michel Tremblay, “Toward a Career Anchor Structure: An Empirical Investigation of Engineers,” Relations Industrielles 65, no. 2 (2010): 236–256.

25 Daniel C. Feldman and Mark C. Bolino, “Careers Within Careers: Reconceptualizing the Nature of Career Anchors and Their Consequences,” Human Resources Management Review 6, no. 2 (1996): 89–92.

26 “Lucien Alziari (CHRO, Maersk) Discusses Strategic Challenges in HR,” Darla Moore School of Business, January 17, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Fngi6jIT6c&index=8&list=PLUElH5PMd16kn9p29AbXCJLvTiVUJRjLu on March 29, 2019.

27 Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull, The Peter Principle: Why Things Always Go Wrong (New York: William Morrow, 1969).

28 William J. Rothwell, “Replacement Planning: A Starting Point for Succession Planning and Talent Management,” International Journal of Training & Development 15, no. 1 (2011): 87–99.

29 Michael H. Morris, Roy W. Williams, and Deon Nel, “Factors Influencing Family Business Succession,” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 2, no. 3 (1996): 68–81.

30 Rothwell, “Replacement Planning.”

31 Sheri-Lynne Leskiw and Parbudyal Singh, “Leadership Development: Learning From Best Practices,” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 28, no. 5 (2007): 444–464.

32 Stephen L. Guinn, “Succession Planning Without Job Titles,” Career Development International 5, no. 7 (2000): 390–393.

33 Robert M. Guion and Scott Highhouse, Essentials of Personnel Assessment and Selection (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2006).

34 International Taskforce on Assessment Center Guidelines, “Guidelines and Ethical Considerations for Assessment Center Operations,” Journal of Management 41, no. 4 (2015): 1244–1273.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 James A. Breaugh, “Modeling the Managerial Promotion Process,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 26, no. 4 (2011): 264–277.[Page 410]

38 Stephen Swailes and Michelle Blackburn, “Employee Reactions to Talent Pool Membership,” Employee Relations 38, no. 1 (2016): 112–128.

39 Robert M. Fulmer, Stephen A. Stumpf, and Jared Bleak, “The Strategic Development of High Potential Leaders,” Strategy & Leadership 37, no. 3 (2009): 17–22.

40 David G. Collings and Kamel Mellahi, “Strategic Talent Management: A Review and Research Agenda,” Human Resource Management Review 19, no. 4 (2009): 304–313.

41 Noko Seopa, Albert Wöcke, and Camilla Leeds, “The Impact on the Psychological Contract of Differentiating Employees Into Talent Pools,” Career Development International 20, no. 7 (2015): 717–732.

42 Swailes & Blackburn, “Employee Reactions to Talent Pool Membership.”

43 Jon P. Briscoe, Douglas T. Hall, and Rachel L. Frautschy DeMuth, “Protean and Boundaryless Careers: An Empirical Exploration,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 69, no. 1 (2006): 30–47.

Chapter 11

1 Keith Ferrazzi, “7 Ways to Improve Employee Development Programs,” Harvard Business Review, July 31, 2015.

2 Adam Mitchinson and Robert Morris, Learning About Learning Agility (Brussels, Belgium: Center for Creative Leadership, 2014).

3 Ibid.

4 Jerome Ternynck, “7 High-Impact Approaches for Employee Development,” Inc., February 2, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.inc.com/jerome-ternynck/7-high-impact-approaches-for-employee-development.html on March 30, 2019.

5 J. Richard Hackman and Greg R. Oldham, Work Redesign (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1980).

6 Georgia T. Chao, “Mentoring Phases and Outcomes,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 51, no. 1 (1997): 15–28.

7 Kathy Kram, Mentoring at Work: Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life (Glenview, IL: Foresman, 1985).

8 Society for Human Resource Management, “Basics of a Mentoring Program” (2016). Retrieved from www.shrm.org on February 1, 2017.

9 Earnest Friday and Shawnta S. Friday, “Formal Mentoring: Is There a Strategic Fit?,” Management Decisions 40, no. 1/2 (2002): 152–157.

10 Society for Human Resource Management, “Basics of a Mentoring Program.”

11 Kram, Mentoring at Work.

12 Rajashi Ghosh, “Antecedents of Mentoring Support: A Meta-analysis of Individual, Relational, and Structural or Organizational Factors,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 84, no. 3 (2014): 367–384.

13 Cherie Rusnak, “The Power of Coaching,” The Public Manager, October 2010. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/magazines/the-public-manager/the-power-of-coaching on December 11, 2017.

14 International Coach Federation, 2016 ICF Global Coaching Study, 7–8. Retrieved from https://coachfederation.org/app/uploads/2017/12/2016ICFGlobalCoachingStudy_ExecutiveSummary-2.pdf on December 11, 2017.

15 Ibid., 9.

16 Ibid.,12.

17 International Coach Federation, “ICF Credential.” Retrieved from https://coachfederation.org/icf-credential/ on December 11, 2017.

18 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, “When to Use Internal Versus External Coaches.” Retrieved from http://www.siop.org/workplace/coaching/internal_versus_exte.aspx on February 4, 2018.[Page 411]

19 Anna Blackman, Gianna Moscardo, and David E. Gray, “Challenges for the Theory and Practice of Business Coaching: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence,” Human Resource Development Review 15, no. 4 (2016): 459–486.

20 Merrill C. Anderson, “Executive Coaching: What ROI Can You Expect?,” Leadership Excellence 22, no. 5 (2005): 10.

21 Steve Gladis and Kimberly Gladis, “Coaching Through Questions,” Talent Development 69, no. 3 (2015): 32–36.

22 Ibid.

23 Skills You Need, “Coaching Skills.” Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/coaching-skills.html on February 4, 2018.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

26 Phil Donnison, “Executive Coaching Across Cultural Boundaries: An Interesting Challenge Facing Coaches Today,” Development and Learning in Organizations 22, no. 4 (2008): 17–19.

27 Claudio Fernández-Aráoz, Andrew Roscoe, and Kentaro Aramaki, “Turning Potential Into Success,” Harvard Business Review, November–December 2017.

Chapter 12

1 Larry David (Writer) and Alec Berg (Director), “Vow of Silence” (Television series episode), in L. David (Producer), Curb Your Enthusiasm (New York: HBO, 2011).

2 “Peter Drucker Quotes,” available from https://www.azquotes.com/author/4147-Peter_Drucker.

3 Shilpee A. Dasgupta, Damodar Suar, and Seema Singh, “Impact of Managerial Communication Styles on Employees’ Attitudes and Behaviours,” Employee Relations 35, no. 2 (2013): 173–199.

4 Ibid.

5 Graham L. Bradley and Amanda C. Campbell, “Managing Difficult Workplace Conversations,” International Journal of Business Communication 53, no. 4 (2016): 443–464.

6 Suzanne de Janasz, Karen O. Dowd, and Beth Schneider, Interpersonal Skills in Organizations, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015).

7 Ibid.

8 Gayle Cotton, “Gestures to Avoid in Cross-Cultural Business: In Other Words, ‘Keep Your Fingers to Yourself!” Huffington Post, August 8, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/gayle-cotton/cross-cultural-gestures_b_3437653.html on April 5, 2019.

9 Kenneth A. Hunt and William Hodkin, “The Criticality of Cultural Awareness in Global Marketing: Some Case Examples,” Journal of Business Case Studies (Online) 8, no. 1 (2012): 1.

10 Jennifer Mayhan, “Make an Impact With Development Plans,” Nursing Management 48, no. 7 (2017): 11–13.

11 Michael Burns, Livia Armstrong, and Kat Koppet, “Listen Up!” Career Development 34 (2017): 1–15.

12 Tanya Drollinger, Lucette B. Comer, and Patricia T. Warrington, “Development and Validation of the Active Empathetic Listening Scale,” Psychology & Marketing 23, no. 2 (2006): 161–180.

13 Ibid.

14 Stephen P. Robbins and Phillip L. Hunsaker, Training in Interpersonal Skills: Tips for Managing People at Work, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003).

15 Hunt and Hodkin, “Criticality of Cultural Awareness in Global Marketing.”

16 Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman, “Why Do So Many Managers Avoid Giving Praise?” Harvard Business Review, May 2, 2017. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/05/why-do-so-many-managers-avoid-giving-praise on April 5, 2019.[Page 412]

17 Susie S. Cox, Laura E. Marler, Marcia J. Simmering, and Jeff W. Totten, “Giving Feedback: Development of Scales for the Mum Effect, Discomfort Giving Feedback, and Feedback Medium Preference,” Performance Improvement Quarterly 23, no. 4 (2011): 49–69.

18 Robbins and Hunsaker, Training in Interpersonal Skills.

19 Herman Aguinis, Performance Management, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009).

20 Shawn Clark and Abbey S. Duggins, Using Quality Feedback to Guide Professional Learning: A Framework for Instructional Leaders (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2016).

21 Ibid.

22 Robbins and Hunsaker, Training in Interpersonal Skills.

23 Clark and Duggins, Using Quality Feedback to Guide Professional Learning.

24 Aguinis, Performance Management.

25 Andy Molinsky, Thomas H. Davenport, Bala Iyer, and Cathy N. Davidson, “Three Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs,” Harvard Business Review 90 (January 2012).

26 Morten Emil Berg and Jan Terje Karlsen, “An Evaluation of Management Training and Coaching,” Journal of Workplace Learning 24, no. 3 (2012): 177–199.

27 Kenneth W. Thomas, “Conflict and Conflict Management,” in The Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. M. Dunnette (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976).

28 Athanasios Laios and George Tzetzis, “Styles of Managing Team Conflict in Professional Sports: The Case of Greece,” Management Research News 28, no. 6 (2005): 36–41.

29 Ibid.

30 Beverly DeMarr and Suzanne C. DeJanasz, Negotiation and Dispute Resolution, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Chicago Business Press, 2019).

31 De Janasz et al., Interpersonal Skills in Organizations.

32 John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey, “What Is Emotional Intelligence?,” pp. 3–31 in Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Applications, ed. P. Salovey and D. Schluyter (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

33 Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1996).

34 Reuven Bar-On, The Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EQ-i): Technical Manual (Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems, 1997).

35 Richard E. Boyatzis, Daniel Goleman, and Kenneth Rhee, “Clustering Competence in Emotional Intelligence: Insights From the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI),” pp. 343–362 in The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, ed. R. Bar-On and J. D. A. Parker (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000).

36 Nicola S. Schutte, John M. Malouff, Lena E. Hall, Donald J. Haggerty, Joan T. Cooper, Charles J. Golden, and Liane Dornheim, “Development and Validation of a Measure of Emotional Intelligence,” Personality and Individual Differences 25 (1998): 167–277.

37 K. V. Petrides and Adrian Furnham, “Trait Emotional Intelligence: Behavioural Validation in Two Studies of Emotion Recognition and Reactivity to Mood Induction,” European Journal of Personality 17 (2003): 39–57.

38 John D. Mayer, Peter Salovey, David R. Caruso, and Gill Sitarenios, “Modeling and Measuring Emotional Intelligence With the MSCEIT V2.0,” Emotion 3 (2003): 97–105.

39 Drollinger et al., “Development and Validation of the Active Empathetic Listening Scale.”

Chapter 13

1 Karen A. Bantel and Susan E. Jackson, “Top Management and Innovations in Banking: Does the Demography of the Top Team Make a Difference?” Strategic Management Journal 10 (1989): 107–124.

2 Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, 2nd ed. (Beverly Hills CA: SAGE, 1984).

3 Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010).

4 Roy Maurer, Survey: Companies Fail to Train Managers for Overseas Assignments (Society for Human Resource Management, 2013). Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/global/articles/pages/fail-train-managers-overseas-assignments.aspx on February 24, 2016.

5 Richter International Consulting, “Facts and Figures.” Retrieved from http://www.richterintl.com/?page_id=12 on April 7, 2019.

6 Ibid.

7 Neal Goodman, “Helping Trainees Succeed Overseas,” Training. Retrieved from https://trainingmag.com/trgmag-article/helping-trainees-succeed-overseas on February 24, 2016.

8 Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1992).

9 Holly Lebowitz Rossi, “7 Core Values Statements That Inspire,” Fortune, March 13, 2015. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2015/03/13/company-slogans/ on February 10, 2016.

10 Talya N. Bauer and Berrin Erdogan, “Organizational Socialization: The Effective Onboarding of New Employees,” pp. 51–64 in APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3: Maintaining, Expanding, and Contracting the Organization, ed. S. Zedeck (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011).

11 Talya N. Bauer, Todd Bodner, Berrin Erdogan, Donald M. Truxillo, and Jennifer S. Tucker, “Newcomer Adjustment During Organizational Socialization: A Meta-analytic Review of Antecedents, Outcomes and Methods,” Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (2007): 707–721.

12 Ibid.

13 Talya N. Bauer, Onboarding New Employees: Maximizing Success (Arlington, VA: SHRM Foundation, 2010).

14 Ibid.

15 Amanda M. Meyer and Lynn K. Bartels, “The Impact of Onboarding Levels on Perceived Utility, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Support, and Job Satisfaction,” Journal of Organizational Psychology 17, no. 5 (2017): 10–27.

16 Bauer et al., “Newcomer Adjustment During Organizational Socialization.”

17 Howard J. Klein, Jinyan Fan, and Kristopher J. Preacher, “The Effects of Early Socialization Experiences on Content Mastery and Outcomes: A Mediational Approach,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 68 (2006): 96–115.

18 Judith Brown, “Employee Orientation: Keeping New Employees On Board,” October 20, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ipma-hr.org/docs/default-source/public-docs/importdocuments/pdf/hrcenter/employee-orientation/cpr-eo-overview on April 7, 2019.

19 “Accountemps Survey: One in Three Employers Lacks Orientation Program for New Hires,” PR Newswire, March 20, 2012.[Page 414]

20 Max Messmer, “Orientation Programs Can Be Key to Employee Retention,” Strategic Finance 81, no. 8 (2000): 12–14.

21 Sabrina Hicks, “Successful Orientation Programs,” Training & Development 54, no. 4 (2000): 59–60.

22 “Accountemps Survey,” p. 1.

23 Hicks, “Successful Orientation Programs,” p. 59.

24 Ibid.

25 David K. Lindo, “New Employee Orientation Is Your Job!” SuperVision 71, no. 9 (2010): 11–15.

26 R. F. Federico, “Six Ways to Solve the Orientation Blues,” HR Magazine 36, no. 5 (1991): 69.

27 Christopher Orpen, “The Effects of Mentoring on Employees’ Career Success,” The Journal of Social Psychology 135, no. 5 (1995): 667.

28 Federico, “Six Ways to Solve the Orientation Blues,” p. 69.

29 Rebecca Ganzel, “Elements of a Great Orientation,” Training 35, no. 3 (1998): 56.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid.

32 Ibid.

33 “Onboarding Programs Need More Focus on Job Expectations and Team Building, Finds TEKsystems,” TEKsystems, August 8, 2012. Retrieved from https://www.teksystems.com/en/insights/press/2012/teksystems-onboarding-programs-need-more-focus-on-job-expectations-and-team-building on April 7, 2019.

34 Hicks, “Successful Orientation Programs,” p. 60.

35 Cheri Ostroff and Steve W. J. Kozlowski, “The Role of Mentoring in the Information Gathering Processes of Newcomers During Early Organizational Socialization,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 42 (1993): 170–183.

36 Alan M. Saks and Jamie A. Gruman, “Socialization Resources Theory and Newcomers’ Work Engagement: A New Pathway to Newcomer Socialization,” Career Development International 23, no. 1 (2018): 12–32.

37 Jennifer A. Chatman, “Matching People and Organizations: Selection and Socialization in Public Accounting Firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly 36, no. 3 (1991): 459–484.

38 Linda S. Hartenian and Don E. Gudmundson, “Cultural Diversity in Small Business: Implications for Firm Performance, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 5, no. 3 (2000): 209–219.

39 American Psychological Association, “Personality.” Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/personality/ on March 23, 2016.

40 Project Implicit, “Education: Overview.” Retrieved from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/education.html on May 3, 2016.

41 Michele Paludi, Victims of Sexual Assault and Abuse: Resources and Responses for Individuals and Families (Women’s Psychology) (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010).

42 E. J. R. David, Internalized Oppression: The Psychology of Marginalized Groups (New York: Springer, 2013).

43 David A. Harris, “The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why ‘Driving While Black’ Matters,” Minnesota Law Review 84, no. 2 (1999): 265–326.

44 Sharon LaFraniere and Andrew W. Lehren, “The Disproportionate Risks of Driving While Black,” New York Times, October 24, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/us/racial-disparity-traffic-stops-driving-black.html?_r=0 on February 23, 2016.

45 Milton J. Bennett, “Intercultural Communication: A Current Perspective,” in Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication: Selected Readings, ed. M. J. Bennett (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1998).

46 Frank Dobbin, Alexandra Kalev, and Erin Kelly, “Best Practices or Best Guesses? Diversity Management and the Remediation of Inequality,” American Sociological Review 71 (2006): 589–617.[Page 415]

47 Peter Bregman, “Diversity Training Doesn’t Work,” Harvard Business Review, March 12, 2012. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2012/03/diversity-training-doesnt-work on February 23, 2016.

48 Dobbin et al., “Best Practices or Best Guesses?”

49 Bregman, “Diversity Training Doesn’t Work.”

50 Roger Fisher and William Ury, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1981). Available from http://www.williamury.com/books/getting-to-yes/.

51 Keld Jensen, “Why Negotiators Still Aren’t ‘Getting to Yes,’” Forbes, February 5, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/keldjensen/2013/02/05/why-negotiators-still-arent-getting-to-yes/#398372276453 on February 23, 2016.

52 Ibid.

53 Association for Talent Development, “About Us.” Retrieved from https://www.td.org/About/Mission-and-Vision on February 24, 2016.

54 Bob Adams, “The Glass Ceiling: Are Women and Minorities Blocked From the Executive Suite?,” CQ Researcher 3, no. 40 (1993). Retrieved from https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1993102900 on April 7, 2019.

Appendix B

1 Stephen Billett, “Apprenticeship as a Mode of Learning and Model of Education,” Education & Training 58, no. 6 (2016): 613–628.

2 Ruben Schalk, “From Orphan to Artisan: Apprenticeship Careers and Contract Enforcement in the Netherlands Before and After the Guild Abolition,” The Economic History Review 70, no. 3 (2017): 730–757.

3 Kathy Gurchiek, “Apprenticeships: One Way to Create a Work-Ready Talent Pool,” HRNews, October 24, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/organizational-and-employee-development/pages/apprenticeships-one-way-to-create-a-work-ready-talent-pool.aspx on April 2, 2019.

4 Ibid.

5 U.S. Department of Labor, “Apprenticeship Data and Statistics.” Retrieved from https://www.doleta.gov/OA/data_statistics.cfm on April 2, 2019.

6 Stephanie Overman, “Apprenticeships Provide Skills Needed for Hard-to-Fill Health Jobs,” HRNews, February 8, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/talent-acquisition/pages/apprenticeships-skills-needed-healthcare-jobs.aspx on April 2, 2019.

7 U.S. Department of Labor, “About Apprenticeship.” Retrieved from https://www.doleta.gov/OA/employer.cfm#programlength on April 2, 2019.

8 Billett, “Apprenticeship as a Mode of Learning and Model of Education.”

9 U.S. Department of Labor, A Quick-Start Toolkit: Building Registered Apprenticeship Programs. Retrieved from https://www.doleta.gov/oa/employers/apprenticeship_toolkit.pdf on April 2, 2019.

10 John S. Gaal, “Recruiting Young: Three Vignettes, Three Approaches,” Benefits Magazine 55, no. 3 (2018): 30. Retrieved from https://www.ifebp.org/inforequest/ifebp/0200896.pdf on April 2, 2019.

11 Jennifer E. Germaine, “New Requirements Aim to Increase Apprenticeship Diversity,” Benefits Magazine 54, no. 4 (2017): 24–29.

12 George Lorenzo, The State of Workforce Development Initiatives at America’s Community Colleges (Williamsville, NY: Lorenzo Associates, 2013). Retrieved from http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/250116 on April 2, 2019.[Page 416]

13 Ibid.

14 Robyn Berkley, personal interview with Don Sosnowski, January 2, 2019.

15 Ibid.

16 Society for Human Resource Management, Using Government and Other Resources for Employment and Training Programs (Alexandria, VA: Author, 2015).

17Ready to Work: Job-Driven Training and American Opportunity (White House report, July 2014). Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/skills_report.pdf on April 2, 2019.

18 Kristen Fyfe-Mills, “Job Training Reboot Offers New Opportunities for Federal Agencies,” Public Manager 43, no. 4 (2014): 17–19.

19 Christopher J. O’Leary, Robert A. Straits, and Stephen A. Wandner, “U.S. Job Training: Types, Participants and History,” pp. 1–20 in Job Training Policy in the United States, ed. C. J. O’Leary, R. A. Straits, and S. A. Wandner (Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2004).

20 Robert J. LaLonde, “The Promise of Public Sector-Sponsored Training Programs,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 2 (1995): 149–169.

21 M. Jared McEntaffer, The Promise of Worker Training: New Insights Into the Effects of Government Funded Training Programs (Doctoral dissertation, 2015). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database (UMI No. 3712676).

22 LaLonde, “Promise of Public Sector-Sponsored Training Programs.”

23 McEntaffer, Promise of Worker Training.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

26 O’Leary et al., “U.S. Job Training.”

27 U.S. Department of Labor, What Works in Job Training: A Synthesis of the Evidence (July 22, 2014). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/jdt/jdt.pdf on April 2, 2019.

28 Ibid.

29 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. § 203.

30 Internal Revenue Service, “Employers Guide to Fringe Benefits: For Use in 2018” (Publication 15-B), February 22, 2018.

31 Carl E. Van Horn and Aaron R. Fichtner, “An Evaluation of State-Subsidized, Firm-Based Training: The Workforce Development Partnership Program,” International Journal of Manpower 24, no. 1 (2003): 97–110.

32 Alastair Fitzpayne and Ethan Pollack, Worker Training Tax Credit: Promoting Employer Investments in the Workforce (Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute, 2017).

33 Employment Training Panel, “Welcome.” Available from ETP.ca.gov.

Appendix C

1 Wanda Piña-Ramírez and Norma Dávila, “Become a Good Training Facilitator,” Association for Talent Development. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/newsletters/atd-links/become-a-good-training-facilitator on September 2, 2018.

2 Dartmouth College Biomedical Libraries, “PowerPoint: Guides, Tips, and Help.” Retrieved from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/biomed/guides/powerpoint.html on September 2, 2018.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Sarah Kessler, “How to Improve Your Presentation Skills,” Inc. Retrieved from http://www.inc.com/guides/how-to-improve-your-presentation-skills.html on March 27, 2017.

6 Dartmouth Library, “PowerPoint.”

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.[Page 417]

9 Piña-Ramírez and Dávila, “Become a Good Training Facilitator.”

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 James Summers, “How to Deal With Participants Who Deliberately Disrupt or Sabotage Training,” Langevin Learning Services, January 22, 2018. Retrieved from http://blog.langevin.com/how-to-deal-with-participants-who-deliberately-disrupt-or-sabotage-training on September 3, 2018.

14 Ibid.

15 Laurel and Associates, “How to Handle Difficult Participants” (2010). Retrieved from https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/qid/other-quality-improvement-programmes/opendisclosure/opendiscfiles/guidetomanagingdifficultparticipants.pdf on April 2, 2019.