Summary
Contents
Congress and the Nation is the most authoritative reference on congressional trends, actions, and political and policy controversies. This award-winning series documents the most fiercely debated issues in recent American politics, providing a unique retrospective analysis of the policies the U.S. Congress. Organized by policy area, each chapter contains summaries of legislative activity, including bills passed, defeated, or postponed. No other authoritative source guides readers seamlessly through the policy output of the national legislature with the breadth, depth, and authority of Congress and the Nation.
Congress and the Nation is the most authoritative reference on congressional trends, actions, and political and policy controversies. This award-winning series documents the most fiercely debated issues in recent American politics, providing a unique retrospective analysis of the policies the U.S. Congress. Organized by policy area, each chapter contains summaries of legislative activity, including bills passed, defeated, or postponed. No other authoritative source guides readers seamlessly through the policy output of the national legislature with the breadth, depth, and authority of Congress and the Nation.
PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS— 1933-1969
Franklin Delano Roosevelt—March 4, 1933-April 12, 1945
Secretary of State
Cordell Hull (D Tenn.)
—March 4, 1933-Dec. 1, 1944
Edward R. Stettinius (D Va.)
—Dec. 1, 1944-July 3, 1945
Secretary of Treasury
William H. Woodin (D N.Y.)
—March 4, 1933-Jan. 1, 1934
Henry Morgenthau Jr. (D N.Y.)
—Jan. 1, 1934-July 23, 1945
Secretary of War
George H. Dern (D Utah)
—March 4, 1933-Aug. 27, 1936
Harry H. Woodring (D Kan.)
—Sept. 25, 1936-July 10, 1940
Henry L. Stimson (R N.Y.)
—July 10, 1940-Sept. 26, 1945
Attorney General
Homer S. Cummings (D Conn.)
—March 4, 1933-Jan. 2, 1939
Frank Murphy (D Mich.)
—Jan. 2, 1939-Jan. 18, 1940
Robert H. Jackson (D N.Y.)
—Jan. 18, 1940-Sept. 5, 1941
Francis Biddle (D Pa.)
—Sept. 5, 1941-July 1, 1945
Postmaster General
James A. Farley (D N.Y.)
—March 4, 1933-Sept. 10, 1940
Frank C. Walker (D Pa.)
—Sept. 10, 1940-July 1, 1945
Secretary of the Navy
Claude A. Swanson (D Va.)
—March 4, 1933-July 7, 1939
Charles Edison (D N.J.)
—Aug. 5, 1939-July 10, 1940
Frank Knox (R Ill.)
—July 10, 1940-April 28, 1944
James V. Forrestal (D N.Y.)
—May 18, 1944-Sept. 17, 1947
Secretary of Interior
Harold L. Ickes (D Ill.)
—March 4, 1933-March 18, 1946
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry A. Wallace (D Iowa)
—March 4, 1933-Sept. 5, 1940
Claude R. Wickard (D Ind.)
—Sept. 5, 1940-June 30, 1945
Secretary of Commerce
Daniel C. Roper (D S.C.)
—March 4, 1933-Dec. 16, 1938
Harry L. Hopkins (D N.Y.)
—Dec. 24, 1938-Sept. 19, 1940
Jesse H. Jones (D Texas)
—Sept. 19, 1940-March 2, 1945
Henry A. Wallace (D Iowa)
—March 2, 1945-Sept. 28, 1946
Secretary of Labor
Frances Perkins (D N.Y.)
—March 4, 1933-July 1, 1945
Harry S. Truman — April 12, 1945-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of State
James F. Byrnes (D S.C.)
—July 3, 1945-Jan. 21, 1947
George C. Marshall (Pa.)
—Jan. 21, 1947-Jan. 20, 1949
Dean G. Acheson (D Conn.)
—Jan. 20, 1949-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of Treasury
Fred M. Vinson (D Ky.)
—July 23, 1945-June 25, 1946
John W. Snyder (D Mo.)
—June 25, 1946-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of War
Robert Porter Patterson (R N.Y.)
—Sept. 27, 1945-Jan. 25, 1947
Kenneth C. Royall (D N.C.)
—Jan. 25, 1947-Sept. 17, 1947
Secretary of Defense
James V. Forrestal (D N.Y.)
—Sept. 17, 1947-March 1949
Louis A. Johnson (D W. Va.)
—March 28, 1949-Sept. 21, 1950
George C. Marshall (Pa.)
—Sept. 21, 1950-Sept. 17, 1951
Robert A. Lovett (R N.Y.)
—Sept. 17, 1951-Jan. 20, 1953
Attorney General
Tom C. Clark (D Texas)
—July 1, 1945-Aug. 24, 1949
J. Howard McGrath (D R.I.)
—Aug. 24, 1949-May 27, 1952
James P. McGranery (D Pa.)
—May 27, 1952-Jan. 20, 1953
Postmaster General
Robert E. Hannegan (D Mo.)
—July 1, 1945-Dec. 16, 1947
Jesse M. Donaldson (D Mo.)
—Dec. 16, 1947-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of Interior
Julius A. Krug (D Wis.)
—March 18, 1945-Dec. 1, 1949
Oscar L. Chapman (D Colo.)
—Dec. 1, 1949-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of Agriculture
Clinton P. Anderson (D N.M.)
—June 30, 1945-June 2, 1948
Charles F. Brannan (D Colo.)
—June 2, 1948-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of Commerce
W. Averell Harriman (D N.Y.)
—Sept. 28, 1946-May 6, 1948
Charles Sawyer (D Ohio)
—May 6, 1948-Jan. 20, 1953
Secretary of Labor
Lewis B. Schwellenbach (D Wash.)
—July 1, 1945-June 10, 1948
Maurice J. Tobin (D Mass.)
—Aug. 13, 1948-Jan. 20, 1953
Dwight D. Eisenhower—Jan. 20, 1953-Jan. 20, 1961
Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles (R N.Y.)
—Jan. 21, 1953-April 15, 1959
Christian A. Herter (R Mass.)
—April 22, 1959-Jan. 20 1961
Secretary of Treasury
George M. Humphrey (R Ohio)
—Jan. 21, 1953-July 29, 1957
Robert B. Anderson (D Texas)
—July 29, 1957-Jan. 20, 1961
Secretary of Defense
Charles E. Wilson (R Mich.)
—Jan. 28, 1953-Oct. 9, 1957
Neil H. McElroy (R Ohio)
—Oct. 9, 1957-Dec. 1, 1959
Thomas S. Gates (R Pa.)
—Dec. 1, 1959-Jan. 20, 1961
Attorney General
Herbert Brownell Jr. (R N.Y.)
—Jan. 21, 1953-Nov. 8, 1957
William P. Rogers (R Md.)
—Nov. 8, 1957-Jan. 20, 1961
Postmaster General
Arthur E. Summerfield (R Mich.)
—Jan. 21, 1953-Jan. 20, 1961
Secretary of Interior
Douglas McKay (R Ore).
—Jan. 21, 1953-June 8, 1956
Fred A. Seaton (R Neb.)
—June 8, 1956-Jan. 20, 1961
Secretary of Agriculture
Ezra Taft Benson (R Utah)
—Jan. 21, 1953-Jan. 20, 1961
Secretary of Commerce
Sinclair Weeks (R Mass.)
—Jan. 21, 1953-Nov. 13, 1958
Lewis L. Strauss (R N.Y.)
—Nov. 13, 1958-June 27, 19591
Frederick H. Mueller (R Mich.)
Strauss served interim appointment as Secretary of Commerce. On June 27, 1959, the Senate refused to confirm his nomination.
Secretary of Labor
Martin P. Durkin (D Md.)
—Jan. 21, 1953-Oct. 9, 1953
James P. Mitchell (R N.J.)
—Oct. 9, 1953-Jan. 20, 1961
Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Oveta Culp Hobby (R Texas)
—April 11, 1953-Aug. 1, 1955
Marion B. Folsom (R N.Y.)
—Aug. 1, 1955-Aug. 1, 1958
Arthur S. Flemming (R Ohio)
—Aug. 1, 1958-Jan. 20, 1961
John F. Kennedy—Jan. 20, 1961-Nov. 22, 1963
Secretary of State
Dean Rusk (D N.Y.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Secretary of Treasury
Douglas Dillon (R N.Y.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Secretary of Defense
Robert S. McNamara (R Mich.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Attorney General
Robert F. Kennedy (D Mass.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Postmaster General
J. Edward Day (D Calif.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Aug. 9, 1963.
John A. Gronouski (D Wis.)
—Sept. 24, 1963-
Secretary of Interior
Stewart L. Udall (D Ariz.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Secretary of Agriculture
Orville L. Freeman (D Minn.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Secretary of Commerce
Luther H. Hodges (D N.C.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-
Secretary of Labor
Arthur J. Goldberg (D Wash., D.C.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Sept. 25, 1962.
W. Willard Wirtz (D Ill.)
—Sept. 25, 1962-
Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Abraham A. Ribicoff (D Conn.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-July 13, 1962
Anthony J. Celebrezze (D Ohio)
—July 31, 1962
Lyndon B. Johnson—Nov. 22, 1963-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of State
Dean Rusk (D N.Y.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Treasury
Douglas Dillon (R Wash., D.C.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-March 31, 1965
Henry H. Fowler (D Va.)
—April 1, 1965-Dec. 20, 1968
Joseph W. Barr (D Ind.)
—Dec. 20, 1968-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Defense
Robert S. McNamara (R Mich.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Feb. 29, 1968
Clark M. Clifford (D Md.)
—March 1, 1968-Jan. 20, 1969
Attorney General
Robert F. Kennedy (D Mass.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Sept. 3, 1964
Nicholas deB. Katzenbach (D Wash., D.C.)
—Sept. 3, 1964-Sept. 21, 1966
Ramsey Clark (D Texas)
—Sept. 21, 1966-Jan. 20, 1969
Postmaster General
John A. Gronouski (D Wis.)
—Sept. 24, 1963-Sept. 10, 1965
Lawrence F. O'Brien (D Mass.)
—Sept. 10, 1965-April 10, 1968
M. Marvin Watson (D Texas)
—April 10, 1968,-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Interior
Stewart L. Udall (D Ariz.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Agriculture
Orville L. Freeman (D Minn.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Commerce
Luther H. Hodges (D N.C.)
—Jan. 20, 1961-Jan. 15, 1965
John T. Connor (D N.J.)
—Jan. 15, 1965-Feb. 1, 1967
Alexander B. Trowbridge (D Wash., D.C.)
—Feb. 1, 1967-March 1, 1968
C.R. Smith (D N.Y.)
—March 1, 1968-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Labor
W. Willard Wirtz (D Ill.)
—Sept. 25, 1962-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Anthony J. Celebrezze (D Ohio)
—July 31, 1962-Aug. 19, 1965
John W. Gardner (R N.Y.)
—Aug. 19, 1965-March 1, 1968
Wilbur J. Cohen (D Md.)
—March 1, 1968-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Robert C. Weaver (D Wash., D.C.)
—Jan. 17, 1966-Jan. 1, 1969
Robert C. Wood (D Mass.)
—Jan. 2, 1969-Jan. 20, 1969
Secretary of Transportation
Alan C. Boyd (D Fla.)
—Jan. 12, 1967-Jan. 20, 1969
Richard M. Nixon — Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of State
William P. Rogers (R Md.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Treasury
David M. Kennedy (R Ill.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Defense
Melvin R. Laird (R Wis.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Attorney General
John N. Mitchell (R N.Y.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Postmaster General
Winton M. Blount (R Ala.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Interior
Walter J. Hickel (R Alaska)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Agriculture
Clifford M. Hardin (R Neb.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Commerce
Maurice H. Stans (R N.Y.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Labor
George P. Schultz (R Calif.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Robert H. Finch (R Calif.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
George W. Romney (R Mich.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
Secretary of Transportation
John A. Volpe (R Mass.)
—Jan. 20, 1969-
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