Close Relationships in Old Age

Contents

• Variety and Diversity of Close Relationships in Old Age 86
  • Comparison of Close Relationships across the Life Span 86
  • Influence of Personal Characteristics on Close Relationships 87
  • Influence of Relationship Type on Interactions 87
• Relationship Processes in Old Age 89
  • Contributions to Aging Well: Social Support and Caregiving 89
  • Negative Aspects of Relationships 90
• Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice 91
  • Theoretical Frameworks in Old Age Relationship Research 91
  • Methodological Issues and New Directions in Research on Late-Life Close Relationships 93
  • Practical Implications of Research on Old Age Relationships 94

As is true for people throughout life, those in old age rely on close relationships for their psychological well-being and even their physical health (Adams & Blieszner, 1995). Interactions with significant others buffer the effects of stressful events and situations, offer emotional sustenance and affirmation of one's identity, yield needed assistance, help structure time in meaningful ways, and provide continuity in important roles. At the same time, close relationships prompt developmental change in the participants, and the relationships themselves change over time. Close relationships entail not only benefits but also challenges and problems for those involved.

AUTHOR'S NOTE: I thank Katherine R. Allen, Lisa M. Artale, and Karen A. Roberto for their assistance.

This chapter includes discussions of three key topics pertaining to late-life close relationships. One focus is on the variety and diversity of these relationships in old age. How do such ties compare to those during the earlier years of life? How do personal characteristics and types of relationships affect the nature of social interaction during the later years? A second topic addresses the interactive dynamics of close relationships. What are the most important functions of these associations, and how do participants enact them? In what ways do close relationships contribute both to well-being and to distress in old age? The third topic details implications of current literature for theory development, future research agendas, and practice. What conceptual frameworks exist to aid in filling gaps in knowledge about old age relationships? How can current information about close relationships be used to improve the quality of life for elder citizens? These topics illustrate the depth and breadth of information available about significant others during the later years while at the same time pointing toward applications and additional research agendas.

Variety and Diversity of Close Relationships in Old Age