The SAGE Encyclopedia of Political Behavior

Hyangseon Ahn Georgetown University

Parveen Akhtar University of Bradford, UK

Kara S. Alaimo Hofstra University

Bethany Albertson University of Texas at Austin

Jo-Ann Amadeo Marymount University

Kenneth T. Andrews University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

Arije Antinori CRI.ME LAB “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy

Elena Aoun Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium

Robert Apel Rutgers University

Jean-Louis Arcand Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland

Robert W. William Armstrong University of North Alabama

Jamie Arndt University of Missouri, Columbia

Jacob Aronson University of Maryland

Lonna Rae Atkeson University of New Mexico

Catherine Atwong California State University Fullerton

Daniel Augenstein Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Constantina Badea Université Paris Ouest Nanterre, France

Badri Bajaj Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India

Anjana Balakrishnan University of Western Ontario, Canada

Paolo Balduzzi Catholic University of the Sacred Heart

Danny L. Balfour Grand Valley State University

Rasa Balocˇkaite˙ Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania

Smita C. Banerjee Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Chris Barker Southwestern College

Daniel Barnhizer Michigan State University College of Law

David Barnhizer Cleveland State University, Marshall College of Law

Brock Bastian University of Melbourne, Australia

Alexander Baturo Dublin City University, Ireland

Roy Baumeister Florida State University

Cristiano Bee Kadir Has University, Turkey

Jean-François Bélanger McGill University, Canada

Laura N. Bell West Texas A&M University

Lihi Ben Shitrit University of Georgia

Arthur Asa Berger San Francisco State University

[Page xx]Christofer Berglund Uppsala University, Sweden

Sten Berglund Örebro University, Sweden

Joan Berzoff Smith College

Tina Besley University of Waikato, New Zealand

Robert J. Bies Georgetown University

Thomas A. Birkland North Carolina State University

Madeleine Blackman Georgetown University

Sarai Blincoe Longwood University

Klaus Boehnke Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Germany

Louis Bolce Baruch College

Angela L. Bos College of Wooster

David Bradley La Trobe University, Australia

Cindy Brock University of Wyoming

David Brulé Independent Scholar, Sweetwater, Tennessee

Justin P. Bruner Australian National University, Canberra

Dominic Bryan Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Kenneth Bryant Jr. University of Missouri

Heather E. Bullock University of California, Santa Cruz

Michael N. Bultmann University of Missouri, Columbia

Tom R. Burns Uppsala University, Sweden

Fredrik Bynander Swedish Defence University

Michael A. Cacciatore University of Georgia

Lindsey Cameron University of Kent, UK

Howard Campbell University of Texas at El Paso

John L. Campbell Dartmouth College

Sierra Campbell Georgetown University

Diana Cárdenas Université de Montréal, Canada

David Carment Carleton University, Canada

Edward G. Carmines Indiana University

Michael Carrell Northern Kentucky University

William Case City University of Hong Kong

Emilio J. Castilla Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Viktorija L. A. Cˇeginskas University of Turku, Finland

Ivan Cerovac University of Trieste, Italy

Amanda Chappell Longwood University

Ioannis Chapsos Coventry University, UK

Benoît Cherré Université du Québec a Montréal, Canada

Daniel J. Christie Ohio State University

Kursat Cinar Bilkent University, Turkey

Andrew Civettini Knox College

Lorenzo Cladi Plymouth University, UK

Michele Anne Clark George Washington University

Harold D. Clarke University of Texas at Dallas

David Coates Wake Forest University

Raphael S. Cohen RAND Corporation

Meghan Condon DePaul University

[Page xxi]Corey L. Cook University of Washington Tacoma

Rachel Corbman Stony Brook University

William Costanza Marymount University

Rory Costello University of Limerick, Ireland

Lauren Covalucci American Psychological Association

Richard J. Crisp Aston Business School

Ruth Dassonneville Université de Montréal, Canada

H. Louise Davis Miami University

Paul K. Davis Pardee RAND Graduate School

Roxane de la Sablonnière Université de Montréal, Canada

Gerald De Maio Baruch College

Tim Dekkers Leiden Law School, The Netherlands

Samuel C. Dicke University of Missouri

Myrthe Doedens Georgetown University

James M. Dorsey S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore

Steven N. Durlauf University of Wisconsin

Megan Earle Brock University

Eric C. Edwards Utah State University

Boia Efraime Mozambican Association of Psychology

Nir Eisikovits Suffolk University, UK

Said Elbanna Qatar University

Michael Ent Florida State University

Secil Ertorer York University, Canada

Judith Escuin Checa Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Victoria M. Esses University of Western Ontario, Canada

Aaron Ettinger University of Waterloo, Canada

Giuseppe Eusepi Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Natasha Ezrow University of Essex, UK

Mark Fagiano University of Tennessee

Lisa Farwell Santa Monica College

Nathan Favero Texas A&M University

Lars P. Feld University of Freiburg, Germany

Stanley Feldman Stony Brook University

Melissa Fellin Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada

Ana Mar Fernández Pasarín Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain

Andrew Fiala California State University, Fresno

Joël Ficet Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

Olivier Fillieule University of Lausanne, Switzerland

Eerika Finell University of Tampere, Finland

Matthew Fowler Indiana University, Bloomington

Joshua A. Freeman University of Georgia

Charles (Chuck) D. Freilich Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government

Bruce K. Friesen University of Tampa

Shana Kushner Gadarian Syracuse University

Barry L. Gan St. Bonaventure University

Daniel J. Gilman Federal Trade Commission

[Page xxii]Fernand Gobet University of Liverpool, UK

Grigorii V. Golosov European University at St. Petersburg

Kevin H. Govern Ave Maria School of Law, Naples, Florida

Kellen Gracey University of Iowa

Bligh Grant University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Wyn Grant University of Warwick, UK

Roger Griffin Oxford Brookes University, UK

Amos N. Guiora SJ Quinney College of Law, University of Utah

Ingrid J. Haas University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Amjad Hadjikhani Uppsala University, Sweden

John R. Hall University of California, Davis

Eran Halperin Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel

Leah K. Hamilton Mount Royal University, Canada

Nazir N. Harb Michel Georgetown University

Heidi Hardt University of California, Irvine

Carmen V. Harris University of South Carolina Upstate

Ann (Chen) Hascalovitz University of Cambridge, UK

John Dixon Haskell University of Manchester, UK

Helen Haste Harvard University, Graduate School of Education

Erica Heinsen-Roach University of South Florida, St. Petersburg

Matt Henn Nottingham Trent University, UK

Victoria Hesford Stony Brook University (SUNY)

Luke Hinsenkamp Ohio State University

Arnold K. Ho University of Michigan

Gordon Hodson Brock University, Canada

Anke Hoeffler Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, UK

Karla Hoff World Bank

Tom Hoffman Spring Hill College

R. Lance Holbert Temple University

Stephanie Seidel Holmsten University of Texas at Austin

Peter Hough Middlesex University, UK

Charles Howard Georgetown University

Leonie Huddy Stony Brook University

Christopher G. Hudson Salem State University

Kathryn K. Hughes Independent Researcher, Alexandria, VA

William G. Huitt Valdosta State University

J. Guido Hülsmann Université d’Angers, France

Brandon T. Humphrey Miami University

Swen Hutter European University Institute, Italy

Vincenzo Iacoviello University of Geneva, Switzerland

Jason Imbrogno University of North Alabama

Molly Inman Georgetown University

Galen A. Irwin Leiden University, The Netherlands

Tami Amanda Jacoby University of Manitoba, Canada

Peter J. Jacques University of Central Florida

Rusi Jaspal De Montfort University, UK

[Page xxiii]Thijmen Jeroense Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Daphne Jeyapal Thompson Rivers University, Canada

Svein Tvedt Johansen Harstad University College, Norway

Adam Jones University of British Columbia, Canada

Garett Jones George Mason University

Melina Juárez University of New Mexico

Frank Jake Kachanoff McGill University, Canada

S. Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana Georgetown University

Kerem Ozan Kalkan Eastern Kentucky University

Vinod Kannuthurai Stimson Center Washington, DC

Stefanie Kappler Durham University, UK

S. Paul Kapur United States Naval Postgraduate School

Jacob Kathman University at Buffalo

Karen M. Kaufmann UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs

Mark V. Kauppi Georgetown University

Steven T. Keener Virginia Commonwealth University

Thomas Keil University of Zurich, Switzerland

Joshua B. Kennedy Georgia Southern University

Menusch Khadjavi Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany

Michael King Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society

Bert Klandermans Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands

Samara Klar University of Arizona

Alexander Kleibrink Free University Berlin, Germany

Chiranjeev Kohli California State University Fullerton

Efi Kokaliari Springfield College

Andrey Korotayev National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia

Andreas Krieg King’s College London

Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr. University of Alabama

Andre Krouwel VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Andreas Kruse University of Heidelberg, Germany

Clara Kulich University of Geneva, Switzerland

Jon Kvist Roskilde University, Denmark

Sameer P. Lalwani Stimson Center, Washington, DC

Jacques Launay Oxford University, UK

Christopher N. Lawrence Middle Georgia State University

Chia-yi Lee Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Anne Leiser Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Germany

Gerhard Leitner Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

Shana Levin Claremont McKenna College

Aharon Levy Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel

Michael S. Lewis-Beck University of Iowa

Martin Libicki U.S. Naval Academy

Darren G. Lilleker Bournemouth University, UK

Eunjung Lim Johns Hopkins University

[Page xxiv]Maria Livaudais University of New Mexico

John Benedict Londregan Princeton University

Jennifer Long Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada

Jasmine Lorenzini European University Institute, Italy

Bernice Lott University of Rhode Island

Patrick L. Lown University of Essex, UK

James Loxton University of Sydney, Australia

Giacomo Luciani Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland

Klarissa Lueg Europa-University Flensburg, Germany

Bernd Luig University of Mannheim, Germany

Diane M. Mackie University of California, Santa Barbara

Heather E. Madonia Northwestern University

Leena Malkki University of Helsinki, Finland

Xavier Márquez Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand

Anthony J. Marsella University of Hawaii at Manoa

Martha A. Martinez DePaul University

Takaaki Masaki Postdoctoral Research Fellow, College of William and Mary

Lilliana Hall Mason University of Maryland, College Park

Miriam Matthews RAND Corporation

Angie Maxwell University of Arkansas

Daren Maynard University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Allen R. McConnell Miami University

Marilyn McMorrow Georgetown University

Shana M. Mell Virginia Commonwealth University

Alexandra Mello Mozambican Association of Psychology

Jochen I. Menges WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Germany

Peter Merrotsy The University of Western Australia

Melissa R. Michelson Menlo College

Franklin G. Mixon Jr. Columbus State University

Fathali M. Moghaddam Georgetown University

Oscar Molina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain

Jose G. Montalvo Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Cristina Jayme Montiel Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines

Caitlin Moore Georgetown University

Cornelia Mothes The Ohio State University

Ronaldo Munck City University, Dublin, Ireland

James Murphy University of the West of England, UK

Daniel S. Nagin Carnegie Mellon University

Amos Nascimento University of Washington

Barbara Nevicka University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Olivia Newman Rider University

Dennis Nigbur Canterbury Christ Church University, UK

August H. Nimtz University of Minnesota

Jacqueline Nolan-Haley Fordham University School of Law

Math Noortmann Coventry University, UK

[Page xxv]Deborah L. Norden Whittier College

Erin O’Brien University of Massachusetts, Boston

Thomas Christopher O’Brien University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Alanna O’Malley Leiden University, The Netherlands

Edward Orehek University of Pittsburgh

Hannah Osborn Ohio University

Danny Osborne University of Auckland, New Zealand

Riku Österman Aalto University, Finland

Victor Ottati Loyola University Chicago

Patrick Overeem Leiden University, The Netherlands

Richard L. Pacelle Jr. University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Eleonora Pasotti University of California, Santa Cruz

Jenny L. Paterson University of Sussex, UK

Janet V. T. Pauketat University of California, Santa Barbara

T. V. Paul McGill University, Canada

Rebecca Pearse University of Sydney, Australia

Frederic S. Pearson Wayne State University

Rasmus T. Pedersen University of Copenhagen, Denmark

William V. Pelfrey Jr. Virginia Commonwealth University

Stéphane Perreault Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada

Michael A. Peters University of Waikato, New Zealand

Andrew Peterson Canterbury Christ Church University, UK

Richard Petty Ohio State University

Andrew Pilecki Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel

Robert D. Plotnick University of Washington

Michael J. Pomante II Northern Illinois University

Joseph G. Ponterotto Fordham University–Lincoln Center

Jeannette H. Porter University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Jerrold M. Post Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University

Rodrigo Praino Flinders University, Australia

Anthony R. Pratkanis University of California, Santa Cruz

Janosch Prinz Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Devon Proudfoot Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business

John Quiggin University of Queensland, Australia

José Ramos Honorary Fellow, Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing, Victoria University, Australia

Amy E. Randel San Diego State University

Halim Rane Griffith University, Australia

Elizabeth Rata University of Auckland, New Zealand

Christopher D. Raymond Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland

Hilde Eliassen Restad Bjørknes University College, Norway

Liana Eustacia Reyes-Reardon New York University

Marta Reynal-Querol Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Katherine J. Reynolds Australian National University, Canberra

Stephen M. Rich University of Southern California

David Rigby University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

[Page xxvi]Heidi Rimke University of Winnipeg, Canada

Kimberly Rios Ohio University

Steven C. Roach University of South Florida

David L. Roberts University of Texas Health Science Center

Steven Othello Roberts University of Michigan

Nicholas W. Robinson Temple University

Martin Rosema University of Twente, The Netherlands

Ewa Roszkowska University of Bialystok, Poland

Leonard I. Rotman Dalhousie University, Canada

Andrew Rowcroft University of Lincoln, UK

Desiree Ryan Humboldt State University

David L. Sam University of Bergen, Norway

Gabriel R. Sanchez University of New Mexico

Omar Sanchez-Sibony Texas State University

Kyla Sankey Queen Mary University of London, UK

Mehwish Sarwari Buffalo State University

Ryan Schacht University of Utah

Richard K. Scher Professor Emeritus, University of Florida

Elizabeth Schmitt University of Arizona

Stephen P. Schneider University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Lee Schrader United Nations University/Waseda University, Japan

Scot Schraufnagel Northern Illinois University

John S. Seiter Utah State University

Petros G. Sekeris Montpellier Business School, France

Maor Shani Jacobs University Bremen, Germany

Steven Shepherd Oklahoma State University

Jae Hyeok Shin Korea University, South Korea

Chris G. Sibley University of Auckland, New Zealand

Daniel Silander Linnaeus University, Sweden

Joanne Silvester Cass Business School, City University London, UK

Alberto Simpser ITAM, Mexico

Manoj Kumar Sinha Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, India

Ronald Skeldon University of Sussex, UK

Heather J. Smith Sonoma State University

William Smith The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Frederick Solt University of Iowa

Nicholas Sosa Ohio University

Brian G. Southwell University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Ramón Spaaij Victoria University, Australia

Seth M. Spain Binghamton University

Mary Stegmaier University of Missouri

Daniel Stockemer University of Ottawa, Canada

Peter Strelan University of Adelaide, Australia

[Page xxvii]Elizabeth Suhay American University

Sara A. Sutherland University of California, Santa Barbara

Paulina Tambakaki University of Westminster, UK

Kegon Tan University of Wisconsin, Madison

Raymond Tatalovich Loyola University Chicago

Donald M. Taylor McGill University, Canada

Laura Taylor Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Simon Teune Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

Kevin Theakston University of Leeds, UK

Tobias Theiler University College Dublin, Ireland

Leslie Paul Thiele University of Florida

Naomi Thompson Goldsmiths, University of London, UK

Clint Thomson University of Western Ontario, Canada

Michele E. Tolson University of Massachusetts, Boston

Robert Tomes St. Augustine Hall

Mariano Torcal Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Judith Torney-Purta University of Maryland

Aris Trantidis George Mason University

Linda R. Tropp University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Marlene E. Turner San Jose State University

Rhiannon N. Turner Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Jim Twombly Elmira College

Agnieszka Tymula University of Sydney, Australia

Dinoj K. Upadhyay Indian Council of World Affairs, India

Brian R. Urlacher University of North Dakota

Eric M. Uslaner University of Maryland

Bethany Van Brunt National Center for Higher Education Risk Management, Berwyn, PA

Brian Van Brunt National Center for Higher Education Risk Management, Berwyn, PA

Dirk Van de Gaer Ghent University, Belgium

Maartje van der Woude Leiden Law School, The Netherlands

Joop J. M. Van Holsteyn Leiden University, The Netherlands

Jacquelien van Stekelenburg Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands

Martijn van Zomeren University of Groningen, The Netherlands

Richard Vernon University of Western Ontario, Canada

Barbara Vis Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Sebastian von Einsiedel United Nations University, Japan

Jeppe von Platz Suffolk University

Konstantin M. Wacker University of Mainz, Germany

Michael Wahman University of Missouri, Columbia

Alan Walks University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada

Peter Wallensteen Uppsala University/University of Notre Dame

Kevin Wallsten University of California, Berkeley

Ching-Hsing Wang Hobby School of Public Affairs, University of Houston

[Page xxviii]Bernard Weiner University of California, Los Angeles

Aaron C. Weinschenk University of Wisconsin, Green Bay

Harper Weissburg Georgetown University

Gary D. Wekkin University of Central Arkansas

John J. Welch University of Cambridge, UK

Gordon Welty Mercy College

Dennis Lu-Chung Weng State University of New York at Cortland

Anne Wetzel University of Mannheim, Germany

Chase Wilson Loyola University Chicago

Luke B. Wood Indiana University

Joshua D. Wright University of Western Ontario, Canada

Ernest J. Yanarella University of Kentucky

Heather E. Yates University of Central Arkansas

Sara K. Yeo University of Utah

Gozde Yilmaz Uppsala University, Sweden

Omar Yousaf University of Bath, UK

Chi-Wa Yuen University of Hong Kong

Marie-Joëlle Zahar Université de Montréal, Canada

Oleg Zaznaev Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia

Yahong Zhang Rutgers University, Newark

Cristina Zogmaister University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy

Corri Zoli Syracuse University