Ethnic–racial socialization (E-RS) refers to the processes, practices, and experiences by which humans learn about the significance and meaning of ethnicity and race, what it means to be a member of an ethnic or racial group, and how to cope with ethnic and racial discrimination. Studies of E-RS originally focused on how African American parents teach their children to safely navigate racism in the United States; however, E-RS research has expanded to include other persons of color, as one out of every three Americans is a person of color, and the number of immigrants in the United States reached a record 40 million in 2010.