Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) involves a recurrent pattern of angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior toward authority figures, and vindictiveness that persists for at least 6 months and is associated with significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. ODD is one of the most frequently identified co-occurring psychological conditions among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities; moreover, rates of ODD among youth with intellectual or developmental disabilities are significantly higher than among typically developing youth. Because intellectual and developmental disabilities are often associated with difficulties with problem solving, reasoning, planning, verbal expression, and emotion regulation, it is not surprising that many individuals who experience these disabilities exhibit difficulties with angry or irritable mood, as well as argumentative and defiant behavior.

ODD has historically ...