Resilience in adversity refers to the phenomenon that many children achieve positive developmental and educational outcomes despite experiencing stressful, high-risk, and adverse circumstances in their lives. Early adversity includes experiencing risk factors such as child abuse or neglect, homelessness, poverty, or even premature birth that are associated with serious social, emotional, health, or school-related problems. Developmental research provides evidence for the positive influence of protective factors that promote resilience for children in the face of early risks. This entry provides information about early risk and protective factors from a bioecological systems perspective and suggests opportunities within early childhood educational contexts to promote positive development for children experiencing adversity.