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Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors
Julie P. Gentile & Allison E. Cowan
In: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology
Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors
Edited by: Amy Wenzel
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n736
Subject: Clinical Psychology (general)
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Gentile, J. & Cowan, A. (2017). Intellectual disability: biological factors. In A. Wenzel (Ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1834-1836). Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736
Gentile, Julie P. and Allison E. Cowan. "Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors." In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, edited by Amy Wenzel, 1834-1836. Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736.
Gentile, J & Cowan, A 2017, 'Intellectual disability: biological factors', in Wenzel, A (ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology, SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks,, CA, pp. 1834-1836, viewed 4 April 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736.
Gentile, Julie P. and Allison E. Cowan. "Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology. Ed. Amy Wenzel. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks,: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. 1834-1836. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 4 Apr. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736.
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[Page 1834]Intellectual disability (ID) is a condition diagnosed prior to age 18 years that includes limitations in intellectual functioning (e.g., reading, learning, problem solving) and a decrease in adaptive behavior, including conceptual, social, and practical skills. ID is diagnosed utilizing standardized tests of intelligence and adaptive behavior. ID affects between 2% and 3% of the U.S. population. There are numerous biological factors involved in identified causes of ID; however, for up to 60% of cases, there is no identifiable cause. The biological factors can be categorized utilizing the following:
- Infectious disease
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Biomedical conditions
- Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal issues
Infectious DiseaseInfections during pregnancy are important biological factors regarding ID in the unborn child; the most common relevant infectious processes include cytomegalovirus (a common virus that may not cause symptoms ...
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- Addictive Disorders
- Addiction, Recovery From
- Addictive Disorders: Overview
- Adolescent Substance Use
- Agonist Substitution
- Alcohol Intoxication
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Biological Factors
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Diagnosis
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Epidemiology
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Risk for
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Social Factors
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Treatment
- Alcohol Use Screening Measures
- Alcohol Withdrawal
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Alcohol-Related Aggression
- Behavioral Addictions
- Binge Drinking
- Caffeine Intoxication
- Caffeine Use Disorder
- Caffeine Withdrawal
- Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder
- Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder
- Cannabis Intoxication
- Cannabis Use Disorder
- Cannabis Withdrawal
- Children of Parents With Substance Use Disorder
- Cirrhosis, Alcohol Use and
- Cocaine Intoxication
- Cocaine Use Disorder
- Cocaine Withdrawal
- Conduct Disorder and Co-Occurring Substance Abuse
- Controlled Drinking
- Designer Drugs
- Disease Model of Addiction
- Dopaminergic Pathways and Addiction
- Drug Use Disorders
- Drug Use Disorders: Biological Factors
- Drug Use Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Drug Use Disorders: Epidemiology
- Drug Use Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Drug Use Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Drug Use Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Drug Use Disorders: Risk for
- Drug Use Disorders: Social Factors
- Gambling Disorder
- Gateway Hypothesis of Adolescent Substance Use
- Hallucinogen Intoxication
- Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
- Hallucinogen Use Disorder
- Hallucinogen Withdrawal
- Harm Reduction Model
- Inhalant Use Disorder
- Internet Gaming Disorder
- Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway
- Methadone Maintenance
- Narcotics Anonymous
- Opioid Intoxication
- Opioid Use Disorder
- Opioid Withdrawal
- Phencyclidine Use Disorder
- Polysubstance-Related Disorders
- Project MATCH
- Recidivism
- Reward Deficiency Syndrome
- Secular Organizations for Sobriety
- Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder
- Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART) for Addiction
- Self-Medication Hypothesis
- Stimulant Intoxication
- Stimulant Use Disorder
- Stimulant Withdrawal
- Substance Use Disorders and Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders
- Substance Use Disorders and the Family
- Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
- Tobacco Use Disorder
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Biological Factors
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Diagnosis
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Epidemiology
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Risk for
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Social Factors
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Treatment
- Tobacco Withdrawal
- Tolerance
- Wernicke Encephalopathy
- Withdrawal
- Aging and Neurocognitive Disorders
- Aging and Neurocognitive Disorders: Overview
- Agnosia
- Amnesia
- Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis
- Aphasia
- Apraxia
- Caregiver Stress
- Concussion
- Delirium
- Dementia
- Dementia, Stroke and
- Dyskinesia
- Executive Function
- Huntington’s Disease
- Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
- Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease
- Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to HIV Infection
- Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Parkinson’s Disease
- Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Prion Disease
- Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury
- Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder With Lewy Bodies
- Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
- Memory Training for Dementia
- Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
- Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuropathology and Dysfunction
- Neurocognitive Disorders
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Biological Factors
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Epidemiology
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Major Versus Mild
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Risk for
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Social Factors
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Treatment
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Neurofibrillary Tangles
- Pick’s Disease
- Prosopagnosia
- Substance/Medication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
- Anger, Violence, and Impulse Control Disorders
- “Contracts for Safety”
- Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
- Aggression: Reactive and Proactive
- Alcohol-Related Aggression
- Amok
- Anger
- Anger Management Training
- Anger, Violence, and Impulse Control Disorders: Overview
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Biological Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Risk for
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Social Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Treatment
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Bullying and Suicide
- Childhood Maltreatment
- Conduct Disorder
- Conduct Disorder and Co-Occurring Substance Abuse
- Conduct Disorder: Biological Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Diagnosis
- Conduct Disorder: Epidemiology
- Conduct Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Conduct Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Conduct Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Risk for
- Conduct Disorder: Social Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Treatment
- Dangerousness to Others
- Dangerousness to Self
- Dangerousness, Prediction of
- Dating Violence
- Death by Cop
- Deliberate Firesetting
- Deliberate Firesetting by Children and Juveniles
- Diversity, Suicide and
- Duty to Warn
- Firearms, Mental Health Disorders and
- Homicidal Ideation
- Homicide, Mental Health Disorders and
- Impulse Control Disorders: Biological Factors
- Impulse Control Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Impulse Control Disorders: Epidemiology
- Impulse Control Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Impulse Control Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Impulse Control Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Impulse Control Disorders: Risk for
- Impulse Control Disorders: Social Factors
- Intermittent Explosive Disorder
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Kleptomania
- Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
- Psychological Autopsy
- Pyromania
- Safety Plan
- Sex Offenders
- Sexual Abuse, Psychological Effects of
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Violence, Psychological Effects of
- Sexually Violent Predators
- Social Contagion
- Suicidal Behavior Disorder
- Suicidal Ideation
- Suicidal Intent
- Suicide
- Suicide Attempt
- Suicide Notes
- Suicide Prevention
- Suicide Risk Assessment
- Suicide, Adolescent
- Suicide, Ambivalence About
- Suicide, Classification of
- Suicide, Crisis Hotlines and
- Suicide, Crisis Intervention and
- Suicide, Lethality of
- Suicide, Theories of
- Suicide: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Individuals
- Suicide: Military Service Members and Veterans
- Suicide: Reasons for Living
- Suicide: Risk Factors
- Suicide: Survivors
- Suicide: Warning Signs
- Terrorism, Psychology of
- Violence, Mental Health Disorders and
- Violence: Risk Factors
- Anxiety Disorders
- Agoraphobia
- Antianxiety Medications
- Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5
- Anxiety Disorders: Biological Factors
- Anxiety Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Anxiety Disorders: Epidemiology
- Anxiety Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Anxiety Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Anxiety Disorders: Overview
- Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Anxiety Disorders: Risk for
- Anxiety Disorders: Social Factors
- Anxiety Disorders: Treatment
- Anxiety in Childhood
- Anxiety in Childhood: Biological Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Cultural Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Diagnosis
- Anxiety in Childhood: Epidemiology
- Anxiety in Childhood: Gender and Sex Differences
- Anxiety in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
- Anxiety in Childhood: Psychological Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Risk for
- Anxiety in Childhood: Social Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Treatment
- Anxiety Sensitivity
- Anxiety Versus Fear
- Applied Tension for Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
- Avoidance
- Behavioral Inhibition
- Behavioral Inhibition System
- Benzodiazepines
- Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
- Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder
- Disgust, Anxiety Disorders and
- Fainting, Anxiety Disorders and
- Fight-or-Flight Response
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Treatment
- Panic Control Treatment
- Panic Disorder
- Panic Disorder: Treatment
- Postpartum Anxiety
- School Refusal
- Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia
- Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia: Treatment
- Specific Phobia
- Specific Phobia: Treatment
- Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
- Test Anxiety
- Worry
- Biological Constructs
- Adrenal Hormones
- Amygdala
- Biological Constructs: Overview
- Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Cortisol
- Dopamine
- Dopaminergic Pathways and Addiction
- Endogenous Opioids
- Epigenetics
- Frontal Lobes
- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
- Genes
- Genome-Wide Association/Exome Sequencing
- Glutamate
- Hippocampus
- Hormones, Mental Health and
- Human Genome Project
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
- Hypothalamus
- Limbic System
- Locus Ceruleus, Panic Disorder and
- Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway
- Neuron
- Neuronal Transmission
- Neurotransmitters
- Norepinephrine
- P300
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Pharmacogenomics
- Psychopathological Networks
- Serotonin
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Thalamus
- Childhood and Adolescence Clinical Assessment
- Genetic Disorders
- Interventions
- Mental Health Disorders
- Anxiety in Childhood: Biological Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Cultural Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Epidemiology
- Anxiety in Childhood: Gender and Sex Differences
- Anxiety in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
- Anxiety in Childhood: Psychological Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Risk for
- Anxiety in Childhood: Social Factors
- Anxiety in Childhood: Treatment
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Biological Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Risk for
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Social Factors
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Biological Factors
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnosis
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Epidemiology
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Risk for
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Social Factors
- Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
- Bipolar Disorders in Childhood
- Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
- Communication Disorders
- Conduct Disorder
- Conduct Disorder and Co-Occurring Substance Abuse
- Conduct Disorder: Biological Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Epidemiology
- Conduct Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Conduct Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Conduct Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Conduct Disorder: Risk for
- Conduct Disorder: Social Factors
- Depression in Childhood
- Depression in Childhood: Biological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Cultural Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis
- Depression in Childhood: Epidemiology
- Depression in Childhood: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depression in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depression in Childhood: Psychological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Risk for
- Depression in Childhood: Social Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Treatment
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
- Disorders of Written Expression
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Elimination Disorders
- Elimination Disorders: Biological Factors
- Elimination Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Elimination Disorders: Epidemiology
- Elimination Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Elimination Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Elimination Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Elimination Disorders: Risk for
- Elimination Disorders: Social Factors
- Expressive Language Disorder
- Externalizing Disorders
- Feeding Disorders in Infancy
- Intellectual Disability
- Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors
- Intellectual Disability: Cultural Factors
- Intellectual Disability: Epidemiology
- Intellectual Disability: Gender and Sex Differences
- Intellectual Disability: Lifespan Perspectives
- Intellectual Disability: Psychological Factors
- Intellectual Disability: Risk for
- Intellectual Disability: Social Factors
- Internalizing Disorders
- Learning Disabilities
- Mathematics Disorder
- Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
- Motor Disorders
- Neurocognitive Disorders of Language
- Neurodevelopmental Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Biological Factors
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Cultural Factors
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Diagnosis
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Epidemiology
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Gender and Sex Differences
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Lifespan Perspectives
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Psychological Factors
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Risk for
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Social Factors
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Treatment
- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections
- Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
- Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- Pica
- Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Reading Disorder
- Rumination Disorder
- School Refusal
- Selective Mutism
- Sensory Integration Disorder
- Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Social Communication Disorder
- Specific Learning Disorder
- Speech Sound Disorder
- Stereotypic Movement Disorder
- Tourette’s Disorder
- Other Relevant Constructs
- Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior
- Adolescent Substance Use
- Anxiety in Childhood
- Assent
- Authoritative Parenting
- Best Interest of the Child
- Bullying
- Childhood and Adolescence: Overview
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity
- Childhood Maltreatment
- Children of Parents With Substance Use Disorder
- Cognitive Development, Stages of
- Deliberate Firesetting by Children and Juveniles
- Developmental Norms
- Developmental Psychopathology
- Developmental Taxonomy of Antisocial Behavior
- Divorce: Psychological Effects on Children
- Effective Discipline
- Emotional Development
- Emotions, Children’s Understanding of
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
- Gateway Hypothesis of Adolescent Substance Use
- Global Developmental Delay
- Juvenile Delinquency
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Limit Setting
- Maternal Deprivation
- Maternal Warmth
- Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
- Parenting and Child Adjustment
- Parenting Styles
- Pediatric Obesity
- Peer Relationships, Psychological Effects of
- Prenatal Drug Exposure
- Prenatal Viral Exposure
- School-Based Mental Health
- Self-Concept Development
- Sexual Abuse, Psychological Effects of
- Single-Parent Family and Child Well-Being
- Theory of Mind
- Thumb Sucking
- Tics
- Psychological Constructs
- Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Applications to Mental Health Disorders
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Diagnosis
- Anxiety Disorders: Diagnosis
- Anxiety in Childhood: Diagnosis
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis
- Bipolar Disorders: Diagnosis
- Conduct Disorder: Diagnosis
- Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis
- Dissociative Disorders: Diagnosis
- Drug Use Disorders: Diagnosis
- Eating Disorders: Diagnosis
- Elimination Disorders: Diagnosis
- Feeding Disorders: Diagnosis
- Gender Dysphoria: Diagnosis
- History of Mental Health Diagnoses
- Impulse Control Disorders: Diagnosis
- Intellectual Disability: Diagnosis
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Diagnosis
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Paraphilic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Personality Disorders: Diagnosis
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Sexual Dysfunction: Diagnosis
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Diagnosis
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Assessment Approaches
- Actigraphy
- Behavioral Observation
- Biological Assessments
- Clinical Interviews
- Cognitive Assessment
- Computer-Assisted Assessment
- Cultural Competency and Assessment
- Functional Analysis
- Functional Assessment
- Idiographic Assessment
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test
- Neuroimaging
- Neuropsychological Assessment
- Polysomnography
- Psychophysiological Assessment
- Self-Monitoring
- Self-Report Inventories
- Assessment Tools
- Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment
- Achievement Tests
- Alcohol Use Screening Measures
- Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5
- Aptitude Tests
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
- Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
- Beck Scales
- Behavior Assessment System for Children
- Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
- California Verbal Learning Test
- Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation
- Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale
- Clinician-Rated Psychopathology Domains for Schizophrenia
- Comprehensive Trail-Making Test
- Computerized Axial Tomography
- Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales
- Continuous Performance Test
- Cultural Formulation Interview
- Electroencephalogram
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
- Hamilton Rating Scales
- Intelligence Tests
- Iowa Gambling Task
- Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
- Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Outcome Questionnaire System
- Patient Health Questionnaire
- Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System
- Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
- Personality Inventories
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Projective Tests
- Quality of Life Inventory
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia
- Sentence Completion Test
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
- State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
- Stroop Color and Word Test
- Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5
- Structured Clinical Interviews
- Suicide Risk Assessment
- Symptom Checklist 90
- Thematic Apperception Test
- Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
- Wechsler Intelligence Scales
- Wechsler Memory Scale
- Wide Range Achievement Test
- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
- Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
- Other Relevant Constructs
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), History of
- Mental Measurements Yearbook
- Actuarial Prediction
- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
- Assessment
- Baseline Functioning
- Classification: Categorical Approach Versus Dimensional Approach
- Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis: Overview
- Clinical Judgment
- Comorbidity
- Dangerousness, Prediction of
- Diagnosis
- Disclosure of Psychological Test Data
- International Classification of Diseases
- Mental Health Disorder
- Mental Health Screening
- Mental Status Examination
- Other Specified and Unspecified Diagnoses
- Psychological Report
- Reliability
- Subthreshold Diagnoses
- Test Bias
- Test Equivalence
- Validity
- Cultural Considerations and Culture-Specific Disorders
- Ataque de Nervios
- Coraje
- Dhat
- Khyâl Cap
- Koro
- Kufungisisa
- Latah
- Mal de Ojo
- Maladi Moun
- Marianismo
- Nervios
- Personalismo
- Respeto
- Shenjing Shuairuo
- Susto
- Taijin Kyofusho
- Ukuthwasa
- Acculturation
- Acculturation, Models of
- Africans and African Americans, Mental Health and
- American Indians, Mental Health and
- Americanization of Psychology
- Amok
- Anorexia Nervosa as a Culture-Bound Syndrome
- Arabs and Arab Americans, Mental Health and
- Asians and Asian Americans, Mental Health and
- Brain Fag Syndrome
- Comanche Ghost Sickness
- Cultural Competence
- Cultural Competency and Assessment
- Cultural Considerations and Culture-Specific Disorders: Overview
- Cultural Formulation Interview
- Cultural Identity
- Cultural Sensitivity
- Cultural Universality Versus Cultural Relativism
- Culturally Competent Treatment
- Culturally Valued Dementia Hallucinations
- Culture-Bound and Culture-Specific Syndromes
- Deficit Model
- Diversity, Suicide and
- Etic and Emic
- Frigophobia
- Health Disparities
- Individualism and Collectivism
- Institutionalized Racism
- Latinos and Latin Americans, Mental Health and
- Machismo
- Microaggression
- Multicultural Therapy
- Personality, Cultural Factors and
- Purvaj Syndrome
- Socioeconomic Status
- Spirituality/Religion, Mental Health and
- Unconscious Racism
- Universal Shamanic Tradition
- Values and Biases in Therapy, Importance of
- Voodoo Death
- Windigo
- Dissociative Disorders
- Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
- Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Disorders: Biological Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Diagnosis
- Dissociative Disorders: Epidemiology
- Dissociative Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Dissociative Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Dissociative Disorders: Overview
- Dissociative Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Risk for
- Dissociative Disorders: Social Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Treatment
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Eating and Feeding Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Anorexia Nervosa as a Culture-Bound Syndrome
- Atypical Anorexia Nervosa
- Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
- Bariatric Surgery
- Binge Eating Disorder
- Body Image
- Body Image, Culture and
- Body Image, Effects of Mass Media on
- Body Image, Gender and
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Control, Eating Disorders and
- Dieting and Restriction
- Eating and Feeding Disorders: Overview
- Eating Disorders: Biological Factors
- Eating Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Eating Disorders: Epidemiology
- Eating Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Eating Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Eating Disorders: Medical Complications
- Eating Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Eating Disorders: Risk for
- Eating Disorders: Social Factors
- Feeding Disorders
- Feeding Disorders: Biological Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Epidemiology
- Feeding Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Feeding Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Feeding Disorders: Medical Complications
- Feeding Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Risk for
- Feeding Disorders: Social Factors
- Female Athlete Triad
- Night Eating Syndrome
- Normal Weight
- Obesity
- Orthorexia
- Pediatric Obesity
- Purging Disorder
- Self-Esteem, Eating Disorders and
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
- Social Standards of Beauty
- Gender Dysphoria
- Gender Dysphoria: Biological Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Cultural Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Diagnosis
- Gender Dysphoria: Epidemiology
- Gender Dysphoria: Gender and Sex Differences
- Gender Dysphoria: Lifespan Perspectives
- Gender Dysphoria: Overview
- Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Risk for
- Gender Dysphoria: Social Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Treatment
- Health Psychology
- Asthma: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care
- Behavioral Medicine
- Brain Tumors, Psychological and Behavioral Conditions Related to
- Cancer: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Cardiovascular Abnormalities, Mental Health Conditions Related to
- Cardiovascular Disease: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Cardiovascular Reactivity
- Chronic Pain: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Conversion Disorder
- Coping and Chronic Illness
- Coping and Pain
- Coping and Stress
- Death and Dying
- Depression, Medical Illness and
- Diabetes: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Emotion-Focused Coping
- Factitious Disorders
- General Adaptation Syndrome
- Hassles, Stress and
- Headaches, Stress and
- Health Behavior
- Health Psychology: Overview
- HIV: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Hostility and Health Outcomes
- Hypertension: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Illness Anxiety Disorder
- Illness, Stress and
- Immune System Responses to Stress
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Job Strain
- Life Events, Stress and
- Mental Health Symptoms Related to Medical Conditions
- Munchausen by Proxy
- Obesity
- Pain Disorders
- Personality, Health and
- Problem-Focused Coping
- Promotion of Healthy Behavior
- Protective Buffering
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Quality of Life
- Seeking Health Care
- Seizures, Mental Health Conditions Related to
- Social Support
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Risk for
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Spirituality/Religion and Anxiety, Stress, and Health
- Stress
- Stress Appraisal
- Stress Reactivity
- Tailored Health Behavior Interventions
- Toxic Substances, Psychological and Behavioral Conditions Related to
- Type A Behavior Pattern
- Ulcers, Stress and
- Historical Context
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), History of
- Historical Context: Overview
- History of Ethical Treatment of Mental Health Patients
- History of Mental Health Diagnoses
- History of Treatment for Mental Health Disorders
- History: Philosophical Underpinnings
- History: Schools of Thought
- Neurosurgery
- Reform Movement
- Law and Mental Health
- Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- O’Connor v. Donaldson
- Olmstead v. L. C.
- Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
- Wyatt v. Stickney
- Advanced Psychiatric Directives
- American Law Institute Rule
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Assent
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Best Interest of the Child
- Burden of Proof
- Civil Commitment
- Competence to Stand Trial
- Confidentiality, Exceptions to
- Criminal Responsibility
- Dangerousness to Others
- Dangerousness to Self
- Dangerousness, Prediction of
- Diminished Capacity
- Disclosure of Psychological Test Data
- Durham Rule
- Duty to Warn
- Expert Witnesses
- Grave Disability
- Guilty but Mentally Ill
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004
- Insanity Defense
- Insanity Defense Reform Act
- Involuntary Commitment, Clear and Convincing Evidence for
- Involuntary Hospitalization
- Irresistible Impulse Rule
- Law and Mental Health: Overview
- Legal Rights of Mental Health Patients
- M’Naghten Standard
- Malpractice
- Mens Rea
- Mental Health Care in the U.S. Justice System
- Outpatient Commitment
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
- Reporting Obligations for Suspected Abuse
- Right to Legal Counsel at Commitment Hearings
- Right to Less Restrictive Treatments
- Right to Refuse Psychotropic Medications
- Right to Refuse Treatment
- Right to Treatment
- Sentencing, Mental Health and
- Sexually Violent Predators
- Subpoenas and Court Orders
- Mood Disorders
- Anhedonia
- Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome
- Antidepressant Medications
- Atypical Antidepressants
- Beck Scales
- Behavioral Activation
- Bipolar Disorders in Childhood
- Bipolar Disorders: Biological Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Diagnosis
- Bipolar Disorders: Epidemiology
- Bipolar Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Bipolar Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Bipolar Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Risk for
- Bipolar Disorders: Social Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Treatment
- Bipolar I Disorder
- Bipolar II Disorder
- Cyclothymic Disorder
- Depression in Childhood
- Depression in Childhood: Biological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Cultural Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Epidemiology
- Depression in Childhood: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depression in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depression in Childhood: Psychological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Risk for
- Depression in Childhood: Social Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Biological Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Diagnosis
- Depressive Disorders: Epidemiology
- Depressive Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depressive Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depressive Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Risk for
- Depressive Disorders: Social Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Treatment
- Double Depression
- Dysphoric Mood
- Exercise for Depression
- Hopelessness
- Hypomania
- Learned Helplessness
- Lithium
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Mania
- Melancholia
- Mixed Episode
- Mood
- Mood Disorders: Overview
- Mood-Stabilizing Medications
- Negative Affect
- Pathological Grief Reaction
- Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Postpartum Blues
- Postpartum Depression
- Postpartum Psychosis
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Prolonged Grief Disorder
- Rapid Cycling
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment
- Substance-Induced Mood Disorder
- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Excoriation
- Hoarding Disorder
- Hoarding Disorder: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Overview
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Risk for
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Treatment
- Trichotillomania
- Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
- Personality and Personality Disorders
- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Biosocial Theory of Borderline Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Developmental Taxonomy of Antisocial Behavior
- Five-Factor Model of Personality
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Interpersonal Pathoplasticity
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Personality and Personality Disorders: Overview
- Personality Disorders
- Personality Disorders: Biological Factors
- Personality Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Personality Disorders: Diagnosis
- Personality Disorders: Epidemiology
- Personality Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Personality Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Personality Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Personality Disorders: Risk for
- Personality Disorders: Social Factors
- Personality Disorders: Treatment
- Personality Inventories
- Personality, Cultural Factors and
- Personality, Health and
- Psychopathy
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Structure of Personality and Psychoanalytic Theory
- Professional and Ethical Issues
- Addictions Nursing
- American Psychological Association
- Assent
- Belmont Report
- Certification
- Clinical Psychologists
- Confidentiality
- Confidentiality, Exceptions to
- Counseling Psychologists
- Counselors
- Debriefing, Research Participation and
- Empirically Supported Treatments
- Ethics Codes
- Evidence-Based Treatment
- Failure to Diagnose
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- History of Ethical Treatment of Mental Health Patients
- Homelessness, Mental Health and
- Institutional Review Boards
- Malpractice
- Managed Care
- Manualized Treatments
- Marriage and Family Therapists
- Military Service Members and Veterans, Mental Health and
- Multiple Relationships
- National Alliance on Mental Illness
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Negligence
- Paraprofessionals
- Prescriptive Authority
- Prevention
- Private Practice
- Professional and Ethical Issues: Overview
- Professional Organizations
- Pseudoscience and Clinical Psychology
- Psychiatric Nurses
- Psychiatrists
- School Psychologists
- Scientist-Practitioner Model
- Sexual Misconduct by Mental Health Professionals
- Social Workers
- Stigma
- Supervision
- World Health Organization
- Psychological Constructs
- Acceptance
- Adolescent Egocentrism
- Affect
- Alexithymia
- Anhedonia
- Anxiety Sensitivity
- Assertiveness Training
- Attribution
- Avoidance
- Behavioral Inhibition
- Catharsis
- Codependency
- Cognitive Bias
- Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive Distortions
- Core Conflictual Relationship Theme
- Countertransference
- Crying, Adult
- Defense Mechanisms
- Delay Discounting
- Disorganized Attachment and Risk for Disorders
- Distress Tolerance
- Eco-Map
- Emotion Regulation
- Emotional Intelligence
- Extinction
- Failure to Thrive
- Forgiveness
- Habituation and Exposure
- Hopelessness
- Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable
- Implicit Association Bias
- Impulsivity
- Inhibitory Learning and Exposure
- Interoceptive Awareness
- Intolerance of Uncertainty
- Learned Helplessness
- Loneliness
- Overgeneral Memory
- Perfectionism
- Post-Event Processing
- Preparedness
- Problem-Solving Deficits
- Procrastination
- Psychological Constructs: Overview
- Psychosexual Stages of Development and Psychoanalytic Theory
- Punishment, Positive and Negative
- Quality of Life
- Reassurance Seeking
- Recovered Memory
- Recurrence Versus Relapse
- Reflective Functioning
- Regression
- Reinforcement, Positive and Negative
- Repression
- Resilience
- Rumination
- Schema
- Secondary Gain
- Self-Criticism and Dependency
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Focused Attention
- Self-Regulation
- Self-Representation
- Separation-Individuation
- Shaping by Successive Approximations for the Desired Behavior
- Social Skills
- Social Support
- Sudden Gains in Treatment
- Temperament
- Therapeutic Alliance
- Thought Suppression
- Thought-Action Fusion
- Transference
- Unconditional Positive Regard, Client-Centered Therapy and
- Worry
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Research Methods
- ABAB Research Design
- Adoption Studies
- Analogue Research
- Base Rates and Predictions
- Behavioral Observation
- Between-Subjects Research Design
- Case Study
- Central Tendency and Variability
- Clinical Research Methods
- Clinical Significance
- Cohort Effects
- Confidence Intervals
- Confounding Variables
- Construct Validity
- Control Groups
- Convenience Sample
- Correlation
- Counterbalancing
- Cross-Sectional Research Design
- Debriefing, Research Participation and
- Demand Characteristics
- Dismantling Research Design
- Double-Blind Research Design
- Effect Size
- Endophenotypes
- Epidemiology
- Experience Sampling
- Experimental Research Design
- External Validity
- Face Validity
- Family Studies
- Floor and Ceiling Effects
- Genetic Research
- Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria and Psychological Research
- Incremental Validity
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Informed Consent and Psychological Research
- Intent-to-Treat
- Internal Validity
- Interrater Reliability
- Linkage Analysis
- Longitudinal Research Design
- Mediation
- Meta-Analysis
- Moderation
- Multiple-Baseline Design
- National Comorbidity Survey
- Null Hypothesis
- Open Label Trial
- Placebo Effect
- Power Analyses
- Practice-Based Evidence
- Prospective Research Design
- Qualitative Research Methods
- Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Regression Toward the Mean
- Reliability
- Representative Sample
- Research Domain Criteria
- Research Methods: Overview
- Research Reporting Guidelines
- Retrospective Reports
- Roadmap for Mental Health Research in Europe
- Sample Selection
- Sample Size
- Scientific Method, The
- Single-Case Research Designs
- SMART Research Design
- Snowball Sampling
- Statistical Significance
- Treatment Approaches, Effectiveness of
- Treatment Approaches, Efficacy of
- Treatment Fidelity
- Treatment Integrity
- Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
- Twin Studies
- Validity
- Withdrawal Research Design
- Within-Subjects Research Design
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
- Antipsychotic Medications
- Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
- Brief Psychotic Disorder
- Catatonia
- Clinician-Rated Psychopathology Domains for Schizophrenia
- Culturally Valued Dementia Hallucinations
- Delusional Disorder
- Delusions
- Dementia Praecox
- Dopaminergic Pathways and Schizophrenia
- Drift Hypothesis
- Expressed Emotion
- Formal Thought Disorder
- Genain Quadruplets
- Hallucination
- Negative Symptoms
- Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Positive Symptoms
- Postpartum Psychosis
- Prenatal Viral Exposure
- Prodromal and Residual Symptoms
- Schizoaffective Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Biological Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Epidemiology
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Overview
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Risk for
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Social Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Treatment
- Schizophreniform Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
- Tardive Akathisia
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Thought Broadcasting
- Thought Insertion
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Aversion Therapy
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity
- Covert Sensitization
- Delayed Ejaculation
- Directed Masturbation
- Exhibitionism
- Female Orgasmic Disorder
- Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
- Fetishism
- Frotteurism
- Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
- Hebephilia
- Human Sexual Response, Phases of
- Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
- Male Erectile Disorder
- Male Orgasmic Disorders
- Paraphilic Disorders
- Paraphilic Disorders: Biological Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Paraphilic Disorders: Epidemiology
- Paraphilic Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Paraphilic Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Paraphilic Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Risk for
- Paraphilic Disorders: Social Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment
- Pedophilia
- Premature Ejaculation
- Sensate Focus
- Sex Offenders
- Sex Reassignment Surgery
- Sex Therapy
- Sexual Aversion Disorder
- Sexual Desire
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Sexual Dysfunction: Biological Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Cultural Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Diagnosis
- Sexual Dysfunction: Epidemiology
- Sexual Dysfunction: Gender and Sex Differences
- Sexual Dysfunction: Lifespan Perspectives
- Sexual Dysfunction: Psychological Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Risk for
- Sexual Dysfunction: Social Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Treatment
- Sexual Masochism
- Sexual Orientation
- Sexual Practices and Sociocultural Influences
- Sexual Sadism
- Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
- Voyeurism
- Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Actigraphy
- Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
- Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
- Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder
- Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
- Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
- Dyssomnia
- Hypersomnolence Disorder
- Insomnia Disorder
- Insomnia Disorder: Treatment
- Jet Lag
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test
- Narcolepsy
- Night Terror
- Nightmare Disorder
- Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorders
- Parasomnia
- Polysomnography
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Restless Legs Syndrome
- Shift Work Disorder
- Sleep Apnea
- Sleep Bruxism
- Sleep Hygiene
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Biological Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Diagnosis
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Epidemiology
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Overview
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Risk for
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Social Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Treatment
- Sleepwalking
- Theories and Theoretical Frameworks
- Assimilative Integration
- Attachment Theory
- Attention, Models of
- Attention-Allocation Model
- Behavior Genetics
- Behavioral Economic Theory
- Behaviorism
- Biological Theoretical Framework
- Biopsychosocial Theoretical Framework
- Classical Conditioning
- Cognitive Behavioral Theoretical Framework
- Cognitive Content Specificity Hypothesis
- Community Psychology Theoretical Framework
- Cyclical Psychodynamics
- Diathesis-Stress Model
- Disaster Psychology
- Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
- Ego Psychology
- Emotional Processing Theory
- Evolutionary Theoretical Framework
- Existential Theoretical Framework
- Family Systems Theoretical Framework
- Feminist Theoretical Framework
- Holism
- Humanistic Theoretical Framework
- Interpersonal Theory
- Jungian Theoretical Framework
- Lifespan Development
- Narrative Theoretical Framework
- Object Relations Theoretical Framework
- Observational Learning
- Operant Conditioning
- Positive Psychology Theoretical Framework
- Psychodynamic Theoretical Framework
- Relational Frame Theory
- Self-Regulation Theory
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Social Learning Theory
- Sociocultural Theoretical Framework
- Suicide, Theories of
- Theories and Theoretical Frameworks: Overview
- Theory of Mind
- Transtheoretical Model
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
- Acute Stress Disorder
- Adjustment Disorders
- Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale
- Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Intergenerational Trauma
- Military Service Members and Veterans, Mental Health and
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment
- Prolonged Exposure
- Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Torture, Psychological Effects of
- Trauma
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Overview
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Risk for
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Treatment
- Treatment, Therapeutic Approaches, and Relevant Constructs Applications to Mental Health Disorders
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Treatment
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Treatment
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Treatment
- Bipolar Disorders: Treatment
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Treatment
- Borderline Personality Disorder: Treatment
- Communication Disorders: Treatment
- Conduct Disorder: Treatment
- Depressive Disorders: Treatment
- Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: Treatment
- Dissociative Disorders: Treatment
- Drug Use Disorders: Treatment
- Eating Disorders: Treatment
- Elimination Disorders: Treatment
- Feeding Disorders: Treatment
- Gender Dysphoria: Treatment
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Treatment
- History of Treatment for Mental Health Disorders
- Hoarding Disorder: Treatment
- Impulse Control Disorders: Treatment
- Intellectual Disability: Treatment
- Motor Disorders: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Treatment
- Panic Disorder: Treatment
- Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment
- Pastoral Counseling
- Personality Disorders: Treatment
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment
- Reactive Attachment Disorder: Treatment
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Treatment
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment
- Selective Mutism: Treatment
- Sexual Dysfunction: Treatment
- Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia: Treatment
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Specific Learning Disorder: Treatment
- Specific Phobia: Treatment
- Suicidality, Treatment of
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Treatment
- Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
- Trichotillomania: Treatment
- Biological Approaches
- Agonist Substitution
- Antianxiety Medications
- Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome
- Antidepressant Medications
- Antipsychotic Medications
- Atypical Antidepressants
- Benzodiazepines
- Cognitive Enhancers
- Deep Brain Stimulation
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Hormone Treatment
- Light Therapy
- Lithium
- Methadone Maintenance
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Mood-Stabilizing Medications
- Neurosurgery
- Psychopharmacology
- Psychosurgery
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
- Sex Reassignment Surgery
- Stimulant Medications
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Other Intervention Approaches
- Bibliotherapy
- Cognitive Rehabilitation
- Combination Therapy
- Complementary and Integrative Health Treatments
- Early Childhood Interventions
- mHealth
- Mobile Applications for Psychological Treatment
- Peer-Led Treatment
- Psychoeducation
- Secular Organizations for Sobriety
- Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART) for Addiction
- Social Skills Training and Children
- Teletherapy
- Other Relevant Constructs
- Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care
- Classification: Client Engagement in Therapy
- Clinical Case Management
- Clinical Video Telemental Health
- Competence in Psychotherapy
- Culturally Competent Treatment
- Emergency Treatment
- Health Disparities
- Informed Consent and Psychotherapy
- Inpatient Treatment
- Manualized Treatments
- Meditation
- Outcome Evaluation in Psychotherapy
- Pain Management
- Panic Control Treatment
- Progress and Process Notes
- Project MATCH
- Psychotherapy
- Psychotherapy Integration
- Recovery, Mental Health and
- Suicide, Crisis Intervention and
- Treatment Accessibility
- Treatment Approaches, Effectiveness of
- Treatment Approaches, Efficacy of
- Treatment Fidelity
- Treatment Integrity
- Treatment, Therapeutic Approaches, and Relevant Constructs: Overview
- University Counseling Centers
- Values and Biases in Therapy, Importance of
- Virtual Reality
- Psychotherapeutic Approaches
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Adlerian Psychology
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Anger Management Training
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Applied Tension for Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
- Art Therapy
- Aversion Therapy
- Behavior Therapy
- Behavioral Activation
- Biofeedback
- Client-Centered Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
- Cognitive Bias Modification
- Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Cognitive Therapy
- Compassion Focused Therapy
- Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Contingency Management
- Controlled Breathing
- Controlled Drinking
- Couple Therapy
- Covert Sensitization
- Detoxification
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Directed Masturbation
- Drama Therapy
- Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
- Eclectic Psychotherapy
- Emotion Regulation Therapy
- Emotion-Focused Therapy
- Exercise for Depression
- Exposure Therapy
- Exposure Therapy, Ethics in
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
- Family Therapy
- Gamblers Anonymous
- Gestalt Therapy
- Group Therapy
- Habit Reversal Training
- Hypnosis
- Imagery Rescripting
- Individual Therapy
- Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Integrative Psychotherapy
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- Jungian Psychoanalysis
- Logotherapy
- Memory Training for Dementia
- Mentalization Based Treatment
- Metacognitive Therapy
- Milieu Therapy
- Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
- Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
- Motivational Interviewing
- Multicultural Therapy
- Multidimensional Family Therapy
- Multimodal Therapy
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Music Therapy
- Narcotics Anonymous
- Narrative Therapy
- Neurofeedback
- Object Relations Therapy
- Parent Training
- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
- Play Therapy
- Positive Psychology in Clinical Practice
- Problem-Solving Therapy
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation
- Prolonged Exposure
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychodrama
- Psychodynamic Therapy
- Quality-of-Life Therapy
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Reality Therapy
- Relapse Prevention
- Relational Psychoanalysis
- Relational-Cultural Therapy
- Reminiscence Therapy
- Reparative Therapy and Conversion Therapy
- Replacement Skills Training for Deliberate Self-Harm
- Residential Treatment
- Schema Therapy
- Sensate Focus
- Sex Therapy
- Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- Social Skills Training and Adults
- Solution Focused Therapy
- Stimulus Control Therapy
- Strategic Family Therapy
- Stress Inoculation Training
- Stress Management
- Structural Family Therapy
- Suicide, Crisis Hotlines and
- Supportive-Expressive Therapy
- Systematic Desensitization
- Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Transference-Focused Psychotherapy
- Transpersonal Therapy
- Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders
- Treatment-Relevant Constructs
- Case Conceptualization
- Client Engagement in Therapy
- Common Factors in Psychotherapy
- Core Conflictual Relationship Theme
- Countertransference
- Cyclical Maladaptive Pattern
- Decentering
- Dream Analysis
- Eco-Map
- Expressive Writing
- Feminist Therapy
- Flooding
- Free Association, Psychoanalysis and
- Genogram
- Group Cohesiveness
- Homework in Treatment
- Interpretation, Psychoanalysis and
- Nonverbal Synchrony
- Patient Factors in Treatment
- Resistance in Psychotherapy
- Rumination: Treatment
- Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy
- Sleep Hygiene
- Stimulus Control and Behavior Analysis
- Sudden Gains in Treatment
- Termination of Treatment
- Therapeutic Alliance
- Therapeutic Alliance Ruptures
- Therapeutic Process Factors
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Therapist Credibility
- Thought Stopping
- Token Economy
- Transference
- Treatment Adherence
- Treatment Compliance
- Treatment Plans
- Unconditional Positive Regard, Client-Centered Therapy and
- Addictive Disorders
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Citations
Gentile, J. & Cowan, A. (2017). Intellectual disability: biological factors. In A. Wenzel (Ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1834-1836). Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736
Gentile, Julie P. and Allison E. Cowan. "Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors." In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, edited by Amy Wenzel, 1834-1836. Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736.
Gentile, J & Cowan, A 2017, 'Intellectual disability: biological factors', in Wenzel, A (ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology, SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks,, CA, pp. 1834-1836, viewed 4 April 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736.
Gentile, Julie P. and Allison E. Cowan. "Intellectual Disability: Biological Factors." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology. Ed. Amy Wenzel. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks,: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. 1834-1836. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 4 Apr. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n736.
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