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Racial Inequality: Returns to Educational Investments
The past four decades have witnessed considerable changes in both the supply of college-educated adults and the demand for skilled labor. Investing in human capital through education has historically produced high returns. However, those most underrepresented in education (racial minorities in particular) have historically received the lowest returns for their investments. This trend indicates both socioeconomic and racial inequality in returns to education. However, this pattern appears to be disappearing. Recent cohort studies of trends in returns to education indicate that individuals least likely to complete more education appear to earn higher rewards in earnings.
Historical Variation in Returns to Education
Research has shown that each additional year of education and each additional educational credential are associated with higher earnings, higher-status careers, and greater life satisfaction. ...
- Abstract/Concrete Attitudes
- Adolescent Sexual Behavior
- Asian Americans
- Affluent Children
- Cognitive Skill/Intellectual Skill
- Alabama
- Brown V. Board of Education
- Content and Text Analysis
- Conflict Theory of Education
- Child Care
- Afghanistan
- Adolescence
- Adult Education
- Administration of Education
- Aggressive Behaviors in Classrooms
- Ability Grouping
- Classroom Interactions: Teachers and Students
- Bell Curve, The
- Assimilation Without Acculturation
- Cheerleading Equity Policy
- Black Cultural Capital
- Class Inequality: Achievement
- Credit for Work Experience, College Students
- Alaska
- Busing
- Ethnography
- Constructivism
- Extended Kinship and Education
- Algeria
- Age Grouping of Students
- Adult Literacy
- Alternative and Second Chance Education
- Corporal Punishment
- Advanced and Honors Classes
- Deskilling of the Teaching Profession
- Bernstein, Basil
- Attitude/Achievement Paradox
- Cultural Capital and Gender
- Burden of Acting White
- Class Inequality: College Enrollment and Completion
- Credit for Work Experience, High School Students
- American Samoa
- Curriculum Standardization
- Feminist Critiques of Educational Research
- Critical Discourse Analysis
- Family Structure and Education
- Angola
- Childhood
- Advanced Degrees
- Catholic Schools
- Discipline in Education
- After-School Programs
- Ethics in Education
- Bidwell, Charles
- Banking Concept of Education
- Gender And School Sports
- Ebonics (African American English) and Education
- Class Inequality: High School Dropout Rates
- Earning Potential and Education
- Arizona
- Educational Policymakers
- Feminist Research Methodology
- Critical Race Theory in Education
- Grandparents' Role in Education
- Argentina
- Classroom Dynamics
- Black Colleges and Universities, Historically
- Private Schools
- Drinking and Education, Adolescent
- Agricultural Education
- Guidance Counselors, Role of
- Bloom, Allen
- Concerted Cultivation/Natural Growth
- Gender Inequality: College Enrollment and Completion
- Immigrant Adaptation
- Digital Divide/Digital Capital
- Educational Aspirations/Expectations
- Arkansas
- Expansion of Education
- International Data
- Critical Theory of Education
- Homeless Children
- Australia
- Classroom Interactions Between Students
- College Advising
- Religious Education
- Drug Use and Education
- At-Risk Students
- Professional Socialization of Teachers
- Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis
- Cooled Out
- Gender Inequality: College Major
- Immigrants, Children of
- Poverty and Education
- Home Schooling
- California
- Feeder Patterns/Catchment Zones
- Longitudinal Studies of Education
- Epistemological Issues in Educational Research
- Maternal Education
- Austria
- Early Childhood
- College Proximity
- Resource Allocation in Schools
- Suspensions
- Baccalaureate Education, Pre-International
- School Counseling
- Brookover, Wilbur B.
- Cultural Capital
- Gender Inequality: High School Dropout Rates
- Mexican American Students
- Savings for College/Education
- Incarcerated Students
- Colorado
- Funding of Schools
- Policy-Oriented Research
- Feminist Critiques of Educational Practices
- Parent Education
- Bahamas
- Intergenerational Closure
- College Transferring
- School Organization
- Tardiness
- Bilingual Education
- Social Psychological Theories of Teaching
- Coleman Report, The
- Hidden Curriculum
- Gender Inequality: Mathematics
- Migrant Students
- Wealth and Education
- IQ
- Connecticut
- Governmental Influences on Education
- Positivism, Antipositivism, and Empiricism
- Functionalist Theory of Education
- Parental Cultural Capital
- Bangladesh
- Morale in Schools
- Community Colleges
- School Size/Class Size
- Truancy
- Blind Students
- Social Role of the Teacher
- Dewey, John
- Household Educational Resources
- Gender Inequality: Occupational Segregation of Teachers
- Multicultural Navigators
- Labor Market Effects on Education
- Delaware
- Informal Fundraising in Schools
- Qualitative Research on Education
- Gender Theories in Education
- Parental Educational Expectations
- Barbados
- Political Activism (Student) and Student Movements
- International College Partnerships (Sister Colleges)
- Schools as Bureaucracies
- Violence in Schools
- Boarding Schools
- Social Status of Teachers
- Durkheim, Émile
- Intergenerational Closure
- Gender Inequality: Returns to Educational Investments
- Multiculturalism/Multicultural Education
- Military Involvement/Military Service
- District of Columbia
- Leadership in Schools
- Quantitative Research on Education
- Hermeneutics
- Parental Involvement
- Belgium
- Popularity in School
- Liberal Arts Education
- Charter Schools
- Student-Teacher Racial Mismatch
- Freire, Paulo
- Maximally Maintained Inequality
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues and Schooling
- Multiracial Students
- Neighborhood Effects
- Florida
- Magnet Schools
- Research Paradigms in Educational Studies
- Human Capital Theory
- Parent-Teacher Associations
- Brazil
- Self-Esteem
- Overeducation
- Classroom Language
- Student/Teacher Ratio
- Hallinan, Maureen
- Meritocracy
- Sex Education
- Native American Students
- Occupational Aspirations/Expectations
- Georgia
- No Child Left Behind
- Life Course Perspective and Education
- Reading to Children
- Bulgaria
- Student Attachment to School
- Service Learning
- De Facto Tracking
- Teacher Attrition
- Hauser, Robert
- Mobility, Contest Versus Sponsored
- Sexism in Education
- Noncompliant Believers, Cultural Mainstreamers, and Cultural Straddlers
- Online Education
- Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands
- Opportunity to Learn Standards
- Montessori
- School-Parent Relationships
- Cambodia
- Student Roles in the Classroom
- Deaf Students
- Teacher Decision-Making Power
- Jencks, Christopher
- Social Capital
- Single-Sex Education
- Oppositional Culture
- Residential Mobility and Education
- Hawai'i
- Race Sensitive Admission Policies/Affirmative Action
- Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Education
- Sibling Effects in Education
- Cameroon
- Youth Cultures and Subcultures
- De-Tracking
- Teacher Expectations
- Kerckhoff, Alan C.
- Summer Setback
- Teen Pregnancy and Education
- Race and Cultural Capital
- School Catchment Zones, Politically Defined School Boundaries
- Idaho
- Race to the Top
- Postmodernism and Education
- Single-Parent Household Structure and Education
- Canada
- Youth Friendship and Conflict in Schools
- Disabled Students
- Teacher Placement and Staffing
- Lareau, Annette
- Tournament Track Mobility
- Title IX
- Racial Climate on Campus
- School Mobility and Education
- Illinois
- School Reentry
- Reggio Emilia Approach
- Stepparent Household Structure and Education
- Chile
- Dropouts
- Teacher Recruitment, Induction, and Retention
- MacLeod, Jay
- Women in Math/Science
- Racial Inequality: Achievement
- School-to-Work Transitions
- Indiana
- Resistance Theory
- Working Parents
- China
- Early Graduates
- Training of Teachers
- Marx, Karl (Marxism and Education)
- Racial Inequality: College Enrollment and Completion
- Student Work and Educational Effects
- Iowa
- Sociocultural Approaches to Learning and Development
- Colombia
- Elementary Education
- Underqualified Teachers
- Meyer, John
- Racial Inequality: High School Dropout Rates
- Kansas
- Status Attainment
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the
- English as a Second Language
- Unions of Teachers
- Nation at Risk, A
- Racial Inequality: Returns to Educational Investments
- Kentucky
- Waldorf
- Costa Rica
- English Proficiency/Fluent English Proficient Students
- Oakes, Jeannie
- Racism in Education
- Louisiana
- Cuba
- Extracurricular Activities
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- Maine
- Czech Republic and Slovakia
- Failing Schools
- Sewell, William
- Maryland
- Denmark
- Field Trips
- Weber, Max
- Massachusetts
- Dominican Republic
- For-Profit Education
- Michigan
- Ecuador
- Grade Inflation
- Minnesota
- Egypt
- Grading
- Mississippi
- El Salvador
- Head Start
- Missouri
- Ethiopia
- High School Exit Exams
- Montana
- European Union
- Homework
- Nebraska
- Finland
- Immersion
- Nevada
- France
- International Baccalaureate Education
- New Hampshire
- Germany
- Libraries, School
- New Jersey
- Ghana
- Magnet Schools
- New Mexico
- Globalization
- Museums
- New York
- Greece
- Music Education
- North Carolina
- Guatemala
- Physical Education
- North Dakota
- Guyana
- Preschool Programs
- Ohio
- Haiti
- Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)
- Oklahoma
- Honduras
- Rural Schooling
- Oregon
- Hong Kong
- School Choice
- Pennsylvania
- Hungary
- School Effects
- Puerto Rico
- India
- Secondary Education
- Rhode Island
- Indonesia
- Skipping Grades
- South Carolina
- International College Partnerships (Sister Colleges)
- Social Promotion and Grade Retention
- South Dakota
- Iran
- Special Education
- Tennessee
- Iraq
- Sports and Schools
- Texas
- Ireland
- Standardized Testing
- Utah
- Israel
- Study Abroad
- Vermont
- Italy
- Summer School
- Virginia
- Jamaica
- Technology Education
- Washington
- Japan
- Technology in the Classroom
- West Virginia
- Jordan
- Television and Education
- Wisconsin
- Kenya
- Textbooks
- Wyoming
- Laos
- Theater Education
- Lebanon
- Tracking
- Libya
- Transitions, School
- Madagascar
- Urban Schooling
- Malaysia
- Voucher Programs
- Mexico
- Year-Round School
- Morocco
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Palestinian Territories
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sudan
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syria
- Taiwan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkey
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
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