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Comparative Advantage
The theory of comparative advantage states that trade between two countries can benefit both countries if each country exports the goods in which it has a “relative comparative advantage.” David Ricardo coined the term. The principle explains the benefits of free trade and has a clear ethical significance. This entry will explain the content of the theory and its economic and ethical implications for the national economy.
The Economics of Comparative Advantage
Let us assume that, given the endowment of factors of production (labor, land, and capital), a worker in a foreign land is able to produce 1 unit of cloth or 1 unit of wine per day, whereas in the homeland the worker is able to produce 4 units of cloth or 2 units of wine ...
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- Communism
- Comparative Advantage
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
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- National Origin Discrimination
- Negotiation and Bargaining
- Occupational Licensure
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Ombudsperson
- Outsourcing
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- Paternalism
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- Pensions
- Preferential Treatment
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- Protestant Work Ethic
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- Religious Discrimination
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- NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) Phenomenon
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- Ozone Depletion
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- Pollution
- Pollution Externalities, Socially Efficient Regulation of
- Pollution Havens
- Pollution Right
- Population Growth
- Privatization of Public Goods
- Property and Property Rights
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- Recycling
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- Sustainability
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- Ethical Applications and Practice
- Accountability
- Aesthetics
- Agrarianism
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- Anthropocentrism
- Authenticity
- Authority
- Autonomy
- Benevolence and Beneficence
- Biocentrism
- Bioethics
- Bribery
- Business Ethics
- Business Ethics Scholarship
- Casuistry
- Catholic Social Thought and Business Ethics
- Censorship
- Charity, Duty of
- Christian Ethics
- Civil Rights
- Coercion
- Cognitive Moral Development
- Collusion
- Colonialism
- Commensurability
- Commonsense Morality
- Complicity
- Conflict of Interest
- Conscience
- Consent
- Consulting
- Contempt
- Corruption
- Darwinism and Ethics
- Descriptive Ethics
- Dilemmas, Ethical
- Due Process
- Economics and Ethics
- Empathy
- Empowerment
- Environmental Ethics
- Envy-Free Theory
- Equal Opportunity
- Ethical Decision Making
- Ethical Imperialism
- Ethics of Care
- Ethics of Dialogue
- Evil, Problem of
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Extortion
- Fidelity
- Fiduciary Duty
- Genetics and Ethics
- Golden Rule, The
- Goodwill
- Honesty
- Humanities and Business Ethics
- Immorality
- Impartiality
- Individualism
- Inductive Reasoning
- In-Kind Contributions
- Institutional Framing
- Instrumental Value
- Integrity
- Interpersonal Comparison of Utility
- Justice, Restorative
- Legal Rights
- Liberalism
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- Majoritarianism
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- Moral Agency
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- Moral Luck
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- Moral Principle
- Moral Repair
- Moral Rules
- Moral Standing
- Moral Well-Being
- Morality, Public and Private
- Natural Business Ethics
- Natural Capital
- Negligence
- Opportunism
- Other-Regardingness
- Ought Implies Can
- Paternalism
- Patriarchy
- Plagiarism
- Pluralism
- Positivism
- Pragmatism
- Promises
- Property Rights, Lockean
- Prudence
- Reciprocal Altruism
- Redistribution of Wealth
- Relativism, Cultural
- Scientific Funding, Ethical Issues in
- Self-Consciousness
- Self-Deception
- Self-Interest
- Self-Ownership
- Self-Realization
- Self-Regardingness
- Self-Respect
- Social Activists
- Social Contract Theory
- Spirituality
- Stewardship
- Supererogation
- Teaching Business Ethics
- Teleopathy
- Truth Telling
- Unconscionability of Contracts
- Unfair Competition
- Universalizability, Principle of
- Vice
- Voluntarism
- Volunteerism
- Well-Being
- Ethical Thought and Theory
- Absolutism, Ethical
- Altruism
- Amorality
- Argument and Argumentation
- Buddhist Ethics
- Cognitivism and Ethics
- Communicative Ethics
- Confucianism
- Consequentialist Ethical Systems
- Deductive Reasoning
- Deontological Ethical Systems
- Desert
- Determinism
- Dignity
- Divine Command Theory
- Doctrine of Double Effect
- Due Care Theory
- Duty
- Egoism
- Emotivism
- Epistemology
- Equal Sacrifice Theory
- Equality
- Ethical Naturalism
- Ethical Nihilism
- Ethics, Theories of
- Evil
- Existentialism
- Fact–Value Distinction
- Fairness
- Feminist Ethics
- Feminist Theory
- Free Will
- Hedonism, Ethical
- Hedonism, Psychological
- Human Nature
- Human Rights
- Ideal Observer Theory
- Immorality
- Intergenerational Equity
- Intrinsic Value
- Intuitionism
- Is–Ought Problem
- Islamic Ethics
- Jainist Ethics
- Jewish Ethics
- Justice, Compensatory
- Justice, Retributive
- Kantian Ethics
- Maternal Ethics
- Metaethics
- Metaphysics
- Moral Emotions
- Moral Point of View
- Moral Realism
- Moral Reasoning
- Moral Sentimentalism
- Motives and Self-Interest
- Natural Law Ethical Theory
- Naturalistic Fallacy
- Neo-Kantian Ethics
- Nihilism
- Noncognitivism
- Normative Ethics
- Normative Theory Versus Positive Theory
- Normative/Descriptive Distinction
- Objectivism
- Platonism
- Postmodernism
- Prima Facie Duties
- Property and Property Rights
- Rationality
- Rationality and Ethics
- Reductionism
- Relativism, Moral
- Responsibility
- Rights, Theories of
- Shame
- Situation Ethics
- Skepticism, Moral
- Slippery Slope Argument
- Social Ethics
- Taoist Ethics
- Trust
- Utilitarianism
- Utility
- Utility, Principle of
- Values, Cultural
- Values, Personal
- Virtue
- Virtue Ethics
- Finance
- Agency, Theory of
- Amaranth Advisors
- Angel Investors
- Arbitrage
- Asymmetric Information
- Auction Market
- Banking Secrecy
- Bankruptcy, Ethical Issues in
- Barter
- Basel Accords
- Blue Sky Laws
- Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
- Churning
- Commercial and Investment Banks
- Conflict of Interest
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- Consumer’s Bill of Rights
- Contingent Valuation
- Cost–Benefit Analysis
- Credit Default Swaps
- Debt, Consumer and Personal
- Debt, Corporate
- Deceptive Practices
- Deferred Compensation Plans
- Disclosure
- Dividend Arbitrage
- Doubling Strategies
- Due Diligence
- Economic Incentives
- Economics and Ethics
- Efficient Markets, Theory of
- Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
- Energy Markets
- European Central Bank (ECB)
- Fannie Mae
- Fiduciary Duty
- Fiduciary Norm
- Finance, Ethics of
- Financial Contagion
- Financial Crisis of 2008–2011
- Financial Derivatives
- Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
- Financial Reregulation
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
- Fraud
- Freddie Mac
- Gambling
- Glass-Steagall Act
- Golden Parachutes
- Grameen Bank
- Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
- Great Recession
- Hedge Fund Activism
- Hedge Funds
- High Frequency Trading
- Impact Investing
- Incentive Compatibility
- Incentive Compensation
- Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)
- Information Costs
- Insider Trading
- Insurance
- Islamic Finance
- Leverage
- Leveraged Buyouts
- Life Settlements
- London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) Scandal
- London Whale, JPMorgan’s
- Madoff Scandal
- Manipulation, Financial
- Market Bubbles
- Market Failure
- Market for Corporate Control
- Market for Lemons
- Market Timing
- Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers
- Microfinance
- Mobile Banking
- Money
- Money Laundering
- Mutual Funds
- Nationally Recognized Statistical Ranking Organization (NRSRO)
- Net Present Value
- Opportunity Cost
- Option Backdating
- Pensions
- Peregrine Financial Group (PFGBest)
- Perfect Market and Market Imperfections
- Ponzi Scheme
- Profit Maximization, Corporate Social Responsibility as
- Profits
- Prudent Investor Rule
- Reasonable Person Standard
- Religiously Motivated Investing
- Risk
- Risk Management
- Securitization
- Shadow Banking
- Shareholder Model of Corporate Governance
- Shareholder Wealth Maximization
- Signaling
- Société Générale
- Social Discount Rate
- Socially Responsible Investing (SRI)
- Soft Dollar Brokerage
- Soft Money
- Sovereign Wealth Funds
- Speculation and Speculator
- Speculation, Excessive
- Strategic Default
- Systemic Financial Risk
- Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI)
- Too Big to Fail
- Transaction Costs
- Transfer Pricing
- Transparency, Market
- Trustees
- UBS (Union Bank of Switzerland)
- Usury
- Virtual Currencies
- Vulture Investors
- Wealth Creation
- Winner’s Curse
- Gender, Age, Ethnicity, Diversity, and Sexual Orientation
- Adverse Selection
- Affirmative Action
- Age Discrimination
- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
- Birth Control
- Business Ethics and Health Care
- Child Labor
- Children, Marketing to
- Civil Rights
- Codes of Conduct, Ethical and Professional
- Comparable Worth
- Diversity in the Workplace
- Due Process
- Employee Relations
- Employee Rights Movement
- Employment Discrimination
- Entitlements
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Equal Opportunity
- Equal Pay Act
- Equality
- Ethics of Care
- Evolution
- Exploitation
- Fairness
- Family-Friendly Corporation
- Feminist Ethics
- Feminist Theory
- Gay Rights
- Gender Inequality and Discrimination
- Genetic Information in the Workplace
- Glass Ceiling
- Hostile Work Environment
- Human Flourishing
- Human Genome Project
- Human Rights
- Impartiality
- Individualism
- Job Security
- Just Wage
- Legal Rights
- Lesbian Ethics
- Living Wage
- Maternal Ethics
- Media and Violence
- Mentoring
- Minimum Wage
- Minorities
- Multiculturalism
- National Origin Discrimination
- Patriarchy
- Pornography
- Postmodernism and Business Ethics
- Preferential Treatment
- Racial Discrimination
- Religious Discrimination
- Reverse Discrimination
- Right to Work
- Self-Ownership
- Sexual Harassment
- Slavery
- Social Engineering
- Solidarity
- Stem Cell Research
- Stewardship
- Stress, Job-Related
- Violence in the Workplace
- Wages for Housework
- Women in the Workplace
- Women’s Movement
- Work and Family
- Work-Life Balance
- Workplace Bullying
- Workplace Privacy
- Human Health
- 24/7 Availability
- Acid Rain
- Affordable Care Act
- Agriculture, Ethics of
- American Medical Association
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Biodiversity
- Bioethics
- Business Ethics and Health Care
- Child Labor
- Dalkon Shield
- Darwinism and Ethics
- Ethics and the Tobacco Industry
- Ethics of Care
- Evolution
- Food and Drug Safety Legislation
- Food Crises
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Global Well-Being Index
- Hazardous Waste
- Health Care, Right to
- Health Insurance
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
- Human Genome Project
- Individual Mandate
- Longevity Risk
- Marijuana, Issues Concerning
- Maternal Ethics
- Medicaid
- Medical Records
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- Neuroethics
- Neuroscience, Ethical Issues in
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Organ Transplantation, Ethical Issues in
- Ozone Depletion
- Pandemics
- Patients’ Bill of Rights
- Reproductive Health
- Scientific Funding, Ethical Issues in
- Speciesism
- Stem Cell Research
- Toxic Waste
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Workplace Bullying
- Workplace Safety
- World Health Organization
- Information Systems and Computing
- Apache Hadoop
- Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
- Big Data
- Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer (CECO)
- Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)
- Cloud Computing
- Communications Decency Act
- Communications Workers of America
- Consumer Rights
- Consumer’s Bill of Rights
- Cyberadvocacy
- Cybersecurity
- Dark Pools
- Data Analytics
- Data Breaches, Corporate
- Data Collection
- Data Mining
- Data Privacy
- Decision-Making Models
- Digital Divide
- Disruptive Technologies
- Domain Name System (DNS)
- Electronic Commerce
- Electronic Surveillance
- Employee Monitoring and Surveillance
- European Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
- Facebook and Privacy
- Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
- Google and Privacy
- Identity Theft
- Incident Response
- Information Costs
- Information Security
- Information Technology and Privacy
- Internet and Computing Legislation
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Malware
- Mobile Security
- Net Neutrality
- Network Security
- NoSQL
- Offshoring and Reshoring
- Online Education
- Outsourcing
- Passwords
- Personalization
- Phishing
- Pretexting
- Privacy
- Robots and Automation
- Smart Devices
- Social Media
- Social Media Analytics
- Technology Assessment
- Telecommunications Act
- Total Quality Management (TQM)
- Trade Secrets, Corporate Espionage and
- Transparency
- U.S. Bureau of the Census
- Virtual Currencies
- Workplace Privacy
- International Social, Management, and Ethical Issues
- Guanxi
- Keiretsu
- Zaibatsu
- African Business Ethics
- Alien Tort Claims Act
- Arms Trade
- Austrian School of Economics
- Bank of Credit and Commerce International
- Barings Bank
- Bhopal
- Bilderberg Group
- Biodiversity
- Bottom of the Pyramid
- Bretton Woods Institutions
- Buddhist Ethics
- Bushido
- Capitalism
- Cartels
- Caux Principles
- China, Rise of
- Clarkson Principles for Business
- Colonialism
- Commons, The
- Conflict Zones, Operating Businesses in
- Confucianism
- Copyrights
- Council of Foreign Relations
- Cross-Cultural Consumer Marketing
- Cultural Imperialism
- Developing Countries, Business Ethics in
- Developing World
- Development Economics
- Digital Divide
- Divestment
- Doha Development Round of 2001
- Dumping
- Ease of Doing Business Index
- Economic Patriotism
- Economic Systems
- Environmental Colonialism
- Ethical Imperialism
- European Union
- European Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
- Export Trading Company Act
- Export–Import Bank
- Fair Labor Association (FLA)
- Fair Trade
- Financial Contagion
- Food Crises
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
- Free Trade, Free Trade Agreements, Free Trade Zones
- Gaia Hypothesis
- Genetically Modified Organisms
- Gentrification
- Global Business Citizenship
- Global Business Environments
- Global Codes of Conduct
- Global Competitiveness Index
- Global Economic Order
- Global Reporting Initiative
- Global Well-Being Index
- Globalization
- Great Depression
- Great Recession
- Green Revolution
- Greenhouse Effect
- Human Genome Project
- Human Rights
- Immigration Reform and Control Act
- Index of Economic Freedom
- Industrial Revolution
- Inequality
- International Business Ethics
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- International Tax Competitiveness Index
- International Trade
- Islamic Ethics
- Jainist Ethics
- Jewish Ethics
- Justice, Environmental
- Kyoto Protocol
- Labor Standards
- Livable Cities
- Local Government Financing Vehicle (LGFV)
- Longevity Risk
- Manifesto for a Global Economic Ethic
- Maquiladoras
- Metallgesellschaft AG
- Montreal Protocol
- Most Favored Nation Status
- Multiculturalism
- Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
- Multinational Marketing
- National Origin Discrimination
- Nationalization
- Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
- NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) Phenomenon
- Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- Northwest Passage
- Nuclear Power
- Offshoring and Reshoring
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Outsourcing
- Ozone Depletion
- Parmalat
- Patents
- Piracy of Intellectual Property
- Political Risk
- Politicization of Business
- Pollution
- Population Growth
- Private Military Company
- Quality of Life
- Royal Ahold Company
- Rule of Law Index (World Justice Project)
- Secular Stagnation
- Silk Road, Maritime
- Silk Road, New
- Single European Act (SEA)
- Social Accountability International
- Socially Responsible Investing (SRI)
- Sovereign Wealth Fund
- Sprawl
- Supply Chain
- Supply Chain, Sustainable
- Taoist Ethics
- Tariffs and Quotas
- Tax Avoidance and Evasion
- Tax Havens
- Terrorism
- Trade
- Trade Balance
- Transparency International
- United Nations
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- United Nations Global Compact
- Urbanization
- USA PATRIOT Act
- Vatican Bank
- Water Crises
- Welfare State
- Worker Rights Consortium (WRC)
- World Bank
- World Economic Forum
- World Governance Indicators
- World Health Organization
- World Resources Institute (WRI)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- World Wildlife Fund
- Laws, Agreements, Regulations, and Agendas
- Citizens United Case
- Administrative Procedures Act (APA)
- Affordable Care Act
- Airline Deregulation
- Alien Tort Claims Act
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Antitrust Laws
- Arbitrage, Regulatory
- Arbitration
- Basel Accords
- Black Market
- Blue Sky Laws
- Business Law
- Campaign Finance Laws
- Clarkson Principles for Business
- Collective Responsibility and Punishment
- Common Law
- Communications Decency Act
- Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)
- Confidentiality Agreements
- Consumer Protection Legislation
- Consumer’s Bill of Rights
- Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards
- Corporate Democracy Act
- Corporate Ethics and Compliance Programs
- Corporate Inversion
- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- Doha Development Round of 2001
- Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA)
- Employee Protection and Workplace Safety Legislation
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
- Employment Contracts
- Environmental Protection Legislation and Regulation
- Equal Pay Act of 1963
- Equator Principles
- Ethics in Government Act
- European Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
- Export Trading Company Act
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
- Federal Sentencing Guidelines
- Food and Drug Safety Legislation
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
- Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA)
- Free Trade, Free Trade Agreements, Free Trade Zones
- Freedom of Information Act of (FOIA)
- Glass-Steagall Act
- Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Immigration Reform and Control Act
- Interfaith Declaration of International Business Ethics
- Internet and Computing Legislation
- Kyoto Protocol
- Legal Ethics
- Lemon Laws
- Liability Theory
- Litigation, Civil
- Medicaid
- Medicare
- Miller-Tydings Act
- Montreal Protocol
- Most Favored Nation Status
- Mutual Funds
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- National Industrial Recovery Act
- National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
- Nationally Recognized Statistical Ranking Organization (NRSRO)
- Norris-LaGuardia Act
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA)
- Prudent Investor Rule
- Public Utilities and Their Regulation
- Punitive Damages
- Reasonable Person Standard
- Reckless Endangerment
- Regulation and Regulatory Agencies
- Regulatory Flexibility Act
- Rehabilitation Act
- Rent Control
- Risk Retention Act
- Sarbanes-Oxley Act
- Single European Act (SEA)
- Sunset Laws
- Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI)
- Tariffs and Quotas
- Tax Reform Act
- Telecommunications Act
- Torts
- Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
- UN Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)
- UN Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME)
- Unconscionability of Contracts
- United Nations Global Compact
- USA PATRIOT Act
- Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN Act)
- Management
- Citizens United Case
- Administrative Procedures Act (APA)
- Affordable Care Act
- Airline Deregulation
- Alien Tort Claims Act
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Antitrust Laws
- Arbitrage, Regulatory
- Arbitration
- Basel Accords
- Black Market
- Blue Sky Laws
- Business Law
- Campaign Finance Laws
- Clarkson Principles for Business
- Collective Punishment and Responsibility
- Common Law
- Communications Decency Act
- Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)
- Confidentiality Agreements
- Consumer Protection Legislation
- Consumer’s Bill of Rights
- Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards
- Corporate Democracy Act
- Corporate Ethics and Compliance Programs
- Corporate Inversion
- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- Doha Development Round of 2001
- Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA)
- Employee Protection and Workplace Safety Legislation
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
- Employment Contracts
- Environmental Protection Legislation and Regulation
- Equal Pay Act
- Equator Principles
- Ethics in Government Act
- European Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
- Export Trading Company Act
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
- Federal Sentencing Guidelines
- Food and Drug Safety Legislation
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
- Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA)
- Free Trade, Free Trade Agreements, Free Trade Zones
- Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
- Glass Steagall Act
- Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Immigration Reform and Control Act
- Interfaith Declaration of International Business Ethics
- Internet and Computing Legislation
- Kyoto Protocol
- Legal Ethics
- Lemon Laws
- Liability Theory
- Litigation, Civil
- Medicaid
- Medicare
- Miller-Tydings Act
- Montreal Protocol
- Most Favored Nation Status
- Mutual Funds
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- National Industrial Recovery Act
- National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
- Nationally Recognized Statistical Ranking Organization (NRSRO)
- Norris-LaGuardia Act
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA)
- Prudent Investor Rule
- Public Utilities and Their Regulation
- Punitive Damages
- Reasonable Person Standard
- Reckless Endangerment
- Regulation and Regulatory Agencies
- Regulatory Flexibility Act
- Rehabilitation Act
- Rent Control
- Risk Retention Act
- Sarbanes-Oxley Act
- Single European Act (SEA)
- Sunset Laws
- Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI)
- Tariffs and Quotas
- Tax Reform Act
- Telecommunications Act
- Torts
- Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
- UN Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)
- UN Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME)
- Unconscionability of Contracts
- United Nations Global Compact
- USA PATRIOT Act
- Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN Act)
- Marketing, Advertising, and Public Relations
- Advertising Ethics
- Advertising, Subliminal
- Bait-and-Switch Practices
- Brands
- Cause Branding
- Cause-Related Marketing
- Children, Marketing to
- Consumer Fraud
- Consumer Preferences
- Consumer Rights
- Corporate Issues Management
- Corporate Philanthropy
- Corporate Political Advocacy
- Corporate Public Affairs
- Cross-Cultural Consumer Marketing
- Deceptive Advertising
- Deceptive Practices
- Ethics and the Tobacco Industry
- Ethics of Persuasion
- Green Marketing
- Greenwashing
- Implied Warranties
- Issue Ads
- Lobbying
- Marketing, Ethics of
- Multinational Marketing
- Networking
- Persuasive Advertising, Ethics of
- Public Relations
- Public Relations Ethics
- Recalls, Voluntary
- Reputation Management
- Social Media
- Strategic Philanthropy
- Targeted Marketing
- Tracking of Internet Browsing
- Trademarks
- Truth Telling
- Warranties
- Organizations and Institutions
- Exxon Valdez
- Zaibatsu
- AARP
- Academy of Management
- Adelphia Communications
- Advisory Panels and Committees
- AFL-CIO
- American Bar Association
- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
- American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
- American Federation of Teachers
- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
- American Management Association
- American Medical Association
- Anchor Institutions
- Archer Daniels Midland
- Arthur Andersen, LLP
- Aspen Institute’s Business and Society Program
- Association for Computing Machinery
- Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN)
- Association of Trial Lawyers of America
- Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB International)
- Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)
- Bankers Trust
- Barings Bank
- Basel Accords
- Better Business Bureau
- Bilderberg Group
- Bretton Woods Institutions
- Bureau of Land Management
- Bureau of National Affairs
- Bureau of Reclamation
- Business Ethics Networks
- Business Ethics Research Centers
- Business for Social Responsibility (BSR)
- Business Roundtable
- Canadian Business for Social Responsibility
- Cato Institute
- Caux Principles
- Central Bank
- Certified Public Accountants (CPAs)
- CFA Institute
- Chaebol
- Chamber of Commerce of the United States
- Chicago School of Economics
- Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)
- Commercial and Investment Banks
- Commodity Futures Trading Commission
- Communications Workers of America
- Comptroller of the Currency
- Consumer Federation of America
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- Consumer Product Safety Commission
- Corporate Responsibility Officers Association (CROA)
- Council of Economic Advisers
- Council of Foreign Relations
- Domini Social Investments
- Dow Corning
- Enron Corporation
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Ethics & Compliance Association (ECA)
- European Central Bank (ECB)
- European Union
- Export–Import Bank
- Fair Labor Association (FLA)
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
- Federal Reserve System
- Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
- Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
- Foxconn Technology Group
- Freddie Mac
- Global Crossing
- Government Accountability Office (GAO)
- Grameen Bank
- Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
- Hedge Funds
- Hewlett-Packard
- Institutional Framing
- Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
- International Association for Business and Society
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- International Society of Business, Economics, and Ethics (ISBEE)
- Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
- Johns-Manville
- Labor Unions
- Long-Term Capital Management
- Merck & Co.
- Metallgesellschaft AG
- Monsanto
- Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
- National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD)
- National Federation of Independent Business
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
- National Labor Relations Board
- National Security Administration (NSA)
- National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
- Nike, Inc.
- Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
- Nonprofit Organizations
- Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Parmalat
- Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
- Political Action Committees (PACs)
- Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
- Public Utilities and Their Regulation
- Regulation and Regulatory Agencies
- Rocky Flats
- Royal Ahold Company
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Securities Industry Association
- Security Industry Association
- Small Business Administration (SBA)
- Société Générale
- Social Accountability International
- Social Investment Forum
- Society for Business Ethics
- Tennessee Valley Authority
- Trade Associations
- Transparency International
- Trilateral Commission
- Tyco International
- U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
- U.S. Bureau of the Census
- U.S. Department of Justice
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- United Nations
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- Vatican Bank
- Worker Rights Consortium (WRC)
- World Bank
- World Economic Forum
- World Health Organization
- World Resources Institute (WRI)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- World Wildlife Fund
- Political Theory, Thought, and Policy
- Anarchism
- Campaign Finance Laws
- Capitalism
- Civil Rights
- Common Law
- Commons, Tragedy of the
- Communism
- Conflict Zones, Operating Businesses in
- Corporate Political Advocacy
- Deterrence Theory
- Developing Countries, Business Ethics in
- Divestment
- Dumping
- Ease of Doing Business Index
- Economic Sanctions
- Economic Systems
- Eminent Domain
- Entitlements
- European Union
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
- Free Trade, Free Trade Agreements, Free Trade Zones
- Freedom and Liberty
- Global Business Environments
- Globalization
- Government Failure
- Incipiency Doctrine
- Industrial Policy
- Integrative Social Contract Theory (ISCT)
- Interest Groups
- International Business Ethics
- International Tax Competitiveness Index
- Iron Triangles
- Issue Ads
- Laissez-Faire
- Legal Rights
- Liberalism
- Libertarianism
- Machiavellianism
- Majoritarianism
- Market Socialism
- Marxism
- Metallgesellschaft AG
- Mixed Economy
- Most Favored Nation Status
- Nationalization
- Neoconservatism
- Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
- Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA)
- Ozone Depletion
- Pluralism
- Political Legitimacy
- Political Risk
- Political Theory
- Politicization of Business
- Postmodernism
- Privatization
- Privatization of Public Goods
- Property Rights, Lockean
- Public Choice Theory
- Public Domain
- Public Interest
- Rational Choice Theory
- Rule of Law Index (World Justice Project)
- Single European Act (SEA)
- Slavery
- Social Contract Theory
- Social Engineering
- Social Movements
- Socialism
- Sovereign Immunity
- Statism
- Tax Havens
- Terrorism
- Trade
- Trusts
- United Nations Global Compact
- Wage-and-Price Controls
- Welfare State
- Worker Rights Consortium (WRC)
- World Economic Forum
- World Governance Indicators
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Rights and Justice: Applications and Practice
- Affirmative Action
- Age Discrimination
- Animal Rights Movement
- Antitrust Laws
- Benefits, Employee
- Bottom of the Pyramid
- Business Ethics and Health Care
- Business Law
- Child Labor
- Coercion
- Collective Responsibility and Punishment
- Colonialism
- Common Law
- Commons, Tragedy of the
- Comparable Worth
- Compensatory Damages
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- Consumer Fraud
- Consumer’s Bill of Rights
- Copyrights
- Cultural Imperialism
- Deterrence Theory
- Development Economics
- Digital Divide
- Divestment
- Due Process
- Economics and Ethics
- Eminent Domain
- Employee Rights Movement
- Employment Contracts
- Employment Discrimination
- Empowerment
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Equal Opportunity
- Ethical Imperialism
- Exploitation
- Externalities
- Fraud
- Free Market
- Free Riders
- Free Speech in the Workplace
- Freedom House
- Freedom of Contract
- Gay Rights
- Gender Inequality and Discrimination
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Information in the Workplace
- Global Well-Being Index
- Globalization
- Google and Privacy
- Health Care, Right to
- Hostile Work Environment
- Human Flourishing
- Identity Theft
- Impartiality
- Income Distribution
- Index of Economic Freedom
- Individualism
- Information Technology and Privacy
- Insecurity
- Intellectual Property
- Job Security
- Liability Theory
- Liberalism
- Livable Cities
- Living Wage
- Majoritarianism
- Manifesto for a Global Economic Ethic
- Market Power
- Minimum Wage
- Occupy Movement
- Pareto Efficiency
- Paternalism
- Patients’ Bill of Rights
- Patriarchy
- Piracy of Intellectual Property
- Plagiarism
- Pollution Externalities, Socially Efficient Regulation of
- Pollution Right
- Poverty
- Predatory Pricing and Trading
- Preferential Treatment
- Pretexting
- Price Discrimination
- Price-Fixing
- Pricing, Ethical Issues in
- Prisoner’s Dilemma
- Privacy
- Private Prisons, Ethical Issues Concerning
- Privatization
- Public Goods
- Punitive Damages
- Racial Discrimination
- Reciprocal Altruism
- Reciprocity
- Regressive Tax
- Religious Discrimination
- Rent Control
- Reverse Discrimination
- Right to Work
- Rule of Law Index (World Justice Project)
- Scientific Funding, Ethical Issues in
- Sexual Harassment
- Slavery
- Social Engineering
- Stakeholder Theory
- Subsidies
- Sweatshops
- Trademarks
- UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
- Usury
- Welfare State
- Women’s Movement
- Workplace Bullying
- Workplace Privacy
- Workplace Safety
- Rights and Justice: Thought and Theory
- Animal Rights
- Autonomy
- Capabilities Approach
- Capabilities Approach to Distributive Justice
- Capitalism
- Civil Rights
- Collectivism
- Commons, The
- Communism
- Communitarianism
- Contracts
- Cost–Benefit Analysis
- Egalitarianism
- Entitlements
- Equality
- Fairness
- Freedom and Liberty
- Gini Index
- Human Nature
- Human Rights
- Inequality
- Intergenerational Equity
- Just Price
- Just Wage
- Justice, Compensatory
- Justice, Distributive
- Justice, Environmental
- Justice, Restorative
- Justice, Retributive
- Justice, Theories of
- Legal Rights
- Libertarianism
- Marxism
- Meritocracy
- Neoconservatism
- Nozick’s Theory of Justice
- Political Theory
- Property Rights, Lockean
- Rawls’s Theory of Justice
- Redistribution of Wealth
- Rights, Theories of
- Self-Ownership
- Self-Realization
- Social Contract Theory
- Socialism
- Statism
- Welfare Economics
- Scandals, Failures, and Disasters
- Challenger Disaster
- Exxon Valdez
- Adelphia Communications
- Amaranth Advisors
- Antitrust Laws
- Archer Daniels Midland
- Arthur Andersen, LLP
- Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN)
- Automobile Recall Scandals
- Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)
- Bankers Trust
- Barings Bank
- Bhopal
- Chernobyl
- Dalkon Shield
- Deepwater Horizon Disaster
- Dow Corning
- Enron Corporation
- Ethics and the Tobacco Industry
- Financial Crisis of 2008–2011
- Firestone Tires
- Ford Pinto
- Foxconn Technology Group
- Fukushima
- Global Crossing
- Grasso, Richard
- Hewlett-Packard
- Johns-Manville
- London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) Scandal
- London Whale, JPMorgan’s
- Long-Term Capital Management
- Love Canal
- Madoff Scandal
- Merck & Co.
- Metallgesellschaft AG
- MF Global
- Nike, Inc.
- Parmalat
- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
- Peregrine Financial Group (PFGBest)
- Ponzi Scheme
- Pretexting
- Rocky Flats
- Royal Ahold Company
- Scandals, Corporate
- Silkwood, Karen
- Société Générale
- Stewart, Martha
- Teapot Dome Scandal
- Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
- Tyco International
- Tylenol Tampering
- UBS (Union Bank of Switzerland)
- Vatican Bank
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