- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980–2008 (Country Ratings from Freedom House) - Democratic Republic of the Congo
Population (2010, proj.): 67,827,000
Gross National Income per Capita (current, 2007): $140
Date of Independence: June 30, 1960 (from Belgium)
Date of Last Constitution: February 18, 2006
Despite the appearance of legal protections, press freedom is constrained by the government and other political groups. Licensing, criminal defamation, and jailing without charges are widely used to keep ...
- Audience
- Audience Research
- Audience Research Companies
- Circulation, Controlled
- Mass Media, Decline of
- News Audiences, Decline of
- Polls and Public Opinion
- Academic Accreditation
- Academic Associations
- Advocacy Groups
- Archives and Museums
- Criticism of Journalism
- Education, Journalism
- Foundations, Research Centers, and Institutes
- Media Accountability Systems
- News Councils
- Scholarly Journals
- Student Journalism
- African American News Media
- Asian American News Media
- Diversity: Content
- Diversity: Employment
- Diversity: Policy
- Émigré News Media
- Ethnic Minority Networks
- Feminist News Media
- Gay and Lesbian Journalism
- Gay and Lesbian News Media
- Latino News Media
- Native American News Media
- Race and Ethnicity, Coverage of
- Women in Journalism
- Women's Magazines
- Agenda Setting
- Books as Journalism
- Comparative Models of Journalism
- Education, Journalism
- Framing
- Free Expression, History of
- Gatekeeping
- Hard Versus Soft News
- History of Journalism: Before 1861
- History of Journalism: 1861–1930
- History of Journalism: 1930–1995
- History of Journalism: 1995 to Present
- Infotainment
- Internet Impact on Media
- Mass Media, Decline of
- Muckrakers
- New Journalism
- News as Narrative
- News Audiences, Decline of
- Newsroom Culture
- News Values
- Objectivity
- Parody of News
- Satire of News
- Social Movements and Journalism
- Theories of Journalism
- Advertising
- Antitrust
- Circulation, Controlled
- Diversity: Policy
- Employment
- Internet Impact on Media
- Joint Operating Agreements
- Labor Unions
- Marketing
- Media Ownership
- Newspaper Preservation Act
- Access to Media
- Advertorials
- Antitrust
- Bandwagon Journalism
- Bias
- Blacklisting
- Censorship
- Checkbook Journalism
- Copyright
- Credibility
- Deception
- Diversity: Content
- Diversity: Employment
- Embedded Reporters
- Ethics
- First Amendment
- Free Press and Fair Trial
- Indecency and Obscenity
- Infotainment
- Juvenile Offenders, Coverage of
- Libel
- Media Accountability Systems
- Media Literacy
- Military and the Media
- News Syndication
- Objectivity
- Plagiarism
- Press Pools
- Privacy
- Professionalism
- Risk and News
- Secrecy and Leaks
- Sound Bites
- Spin
- Video News Releases
- Violence Against Journalists
- Anchors, Television
- Cartoonists, Political
- Columns and Columnists
- Commentators, Radio
- Commentators, Television
- Editors
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Foreign Correspondents, Print
- Interviewers
- Investigative Reporters
- Newscasters, Radio
- Photo Editors
- Photojournalists
- Political Reporters
- Producers
- Publishers
- Reporters, Online
- Reporters, Print
- Reporters, Radio
- Reporters, Television
- Satirists, Political
- Sportscasters, Radio
- Sportscasters, Television
- Sportswriters
- War Correspondents
- Access to Media
- Antitrust
- Censorship
- Copyright
- Diversity: Policy
- Federal Communications Commission
- First Amendment
- Freedom of Information Act
- Free Press and Fair Trial
- Gag Orders
- Images, Ownership of
- Indecency and Obscenity
- International and Comparative Journalism Law
- Libel
- Media Accountability Systems
- News Councils
- Newspaper Preservation Act
- Newsroom Culture
- Privacy
- Self-Regulation
- Shield Law
- Sunshine Law
- Supreme Court and Journalism
- Business Magazines
- Celebrity and Fan Magazines
- Newsweekly Magazines
- Photo Magazines
- Quality and Opinion Magazines
- Scholarly Journals
- Trade Magazines
- Women's Magazines
- Distribution, Online
- Documentaries, Motion Picture
- Film in Television News
- Motion Pictures, Journalism in
- Newsreels
- ABC News
- Air America
- Al Arabiya
- Al Jazeera
- Al-Manar
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Cable News
- CBS News
- Chinese Television
- Deutsche Welle
- Ethnic Minority Networks
- EuroNews
- Fox News
- Mutual Broadcasting System
- National Public Radio
- NBC News
- Public Broadcasting Service
- Star News (Asia)
- Agence France-Presse
- Associated Press
- Audio and Video News Services
- Bloomberg
- Clipping Services
- Digital Media Europe
- Dow Jones
- Feature Syndicates
- Gannett
- Havas
- International News Service
- New China (Xinhua) News Agency
- PanAfrican News Agency
- Photo Agencies
- Reuters
- TASS and Russian News Agencies
- United Press International
- Wolff
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Agriculture Journalism, Print
- Business Journalism
- Citizen Journalism
- Civic Journalism
- Civil Unrest, Coverage of
- Columns and Columnists
- Comics
- Congress and Journalism
- Crime and the Courts
- Criticism and Critics
- Diversity: Content
- Docudrama
- Documentaries, Motion Picture
- Documentaries, Television
- Editorials
- Education, Coverage of
- Entertainment Journalism
- Environmental Journalism
- Food Journalism
- Globalization, Coverage of
- Government, Federal Coverage of
- Government, State and Local, Coverage of
- Health and Medicine Journalism
- Hoaxes
- Human Interest Journalism
- Immigration, Coverage of
- Innovation Journalism
- International Journalism
- Investigative Journalism
- Labor Journalism
- Letters to the Editor
- Lifestyle Journalism
- Literary Journalism
- Maps in Journalism
- Natural Disasters, Coverage of
- Obituaries
- Op-Ed Page
- Peace Journalism
- Poverty, Coverage of
- Precision Journalism
- Presidential Families, Coverage of
- Presidential Scandals, Coverage of
- Presidents, Coverage of
- Race and Ethnicity, Coverage of
- Religion Journalism
- Science and Technology Journalism
- Sensationalism
- Sports Journalism
- Terrorism, Coverage of
- Travel Journalism
- War and Military Journalism
- Weather Journalism
- Atlanta
- Baltimore
- Boston
- Chicago
- Dallas–Ft. Worth
- Denver
- Houston
- Kansas City
- Los Angeles
- Miami
- Milwaukee
- Minneapolis–St. Paul
- New York
- New York Times, The
- Philadelphia
- Publick Occurrences
- San Francisco
- Stars and Stripes
- St. Louis
- USA Today
- Wall Street Journal, The
- Washington, D.C.
- Africa, North
- Africa, Sub-Saharan
- Agence France-Presse
- Arab Countries
- Asia, Central, South, and East
- Australia
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- British Literary Journalism
- British Magazines
- British New Media
- British Newspapers
- British Press Regulation
- British Tabloid Press
- Canada
- Central America and the Caribbean
- China
- Comparative Models of Journalism
- Development Journalism
- English Roots of the Free Press
- Europe
- France
- Free Flow of Information
- Germany
- Globalization, Coverage of
- Havas
- Hong Kong
- India
- International Herald Tribune
- International Journalism
- Israel
- Japan
- Mexico
- New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)
- Pacific Area
- PanAfrican News Agency
- Reuters
- Russian Federation
- Scandinavia
- Singapore
- South America
- Star News (Asia)
- TASS and Russian News Agencies
- U.S. International Communication
- Wolff
- Advocacy Newspapers
- Alternative and Underground Newspapers
- Broadsheet Newspapers
- Free Newspapers
- Student Journalism
- Tabloid Newspapers
- Weekly Newspapers
- Blogs and Bloggers
- Chat Rooms
- Classified Advertising
- Computers in Journalism
- Convergence
- Desktop Publishing
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Discussion Boards
- Distribution, Online
- Editing, Online and Digital
- Internet Impact on Media
- News Aggregators
- Podcasting
- Reporters, Online
- Social Network Websites
- Streaming Media
- Academic Associations
- Archives and Museums
- Audience Research Companies
- Consultants, News
- Editors' Organizations
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Foundations, Research Centers, and Institutes
- International Journalism Organizations
- Investigative Journalism Organizations
- Labor Unions
- News Councils
- Photo Agencies
- Publishers' Organizations
- Reporters' Organizations
- Special Interest Journalism Organizations
- U.S. International Communications
- Audio and Video News Services
- Advocacy Groups
- Cartoonists, Political
- Congress and Journalism
- Election Coverage
- Equal Time
- First Amendment
- Freedom of Information Act
- Government, Federal, Coverage of
- Government, State and Local, Coverage, of
- News Conferences
- Political Action Committees
- Political Reporters
- Presidential Families, Coverage of
- Presidential Scandals, Coverage of
- Presidents, Coverage of
- Press and Government Relations
- Press Pools
- Satirists, Political
- Spin
- Supreme Court and Journalism
- Washington, D.C.
- Agenda Setting
- Automation
- Diffusion
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Distribution
- Distribution, Online
- Editing, Newspaper
- Editing, Online and Digital
- Electronic News Gathering
- Framing
- Freelance Writers and Stringers
- Graphics
- Labor Unions
- Layout
- Magazine Design
- News Hole
- News Syndication
- Newspaper Design
- Newsprint
- Printing
- Recording
- Satellite News Gathering
- Sound Bites
- ABC News
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Air America
- Audio and Video News Services
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- CBS News
- Commentators, Radio
- Community Radio
- Digital Sound
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Equal Time
- Federal Communications Commission
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Mutual Broadcasting System
- National Public Radio
- NBC News
- Newscasters, Radio
- Pacifica Radio
- Podcasting
- Public Radio Journalism
- Recording
- Reporters, Radio
- Rip-and-Read News
- Shortwave Radio
- Simulcasting
- Sportscasters, Radio
- Streaming Media
- Talk and News Radio
- Automation
- Blogs and Bloggers
- Cables, Undersea
- Cable Television
- Chat Rooms
- Computers in Journalism
- Convergence
- Desktop Publishing
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Digital Photography
- Digital Sound
- Digital Television
- Discussion Boards
- Distribution, Online
- Electronic News Gathering
- Facsimile
- Graphics
- Internet Impact on Media
- News Aggregators
- Newsprint
- Photography
- Podcasting
- Printing
- Recording
- Satellite News Gathering
- Shortwave Radio
- Streaming Media
- Telegraph
- Telephone
- Teletype
- Type and Typography
- Videotex and Teletext
- ABC News
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Anchors, Television
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Cable Television
- CBS News
- Commentators, Television
- Digital Television
- Docudrama
- Documentaries, Television
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Electronic Newsgathering
- Equal Time
- Evening News, Television
- Facsimile
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Fox News
- Morning News
- National Public Radio
- NBC News
- Producers
- Public Broadcasting Service
- Public Television Journalism
- Reporters, Television
- Satellite News Gathering
- Simulcasting
- Sound Bites
- Sportscasters, Television
- Streaming Media
- Tabloid Television
- Television News Magazines
- Video News Release
- Videotex and Teletext
- About the Volume Editor
- Volume Introduction
- Introduction
- Constitutional Amendments
- Antigovernment Issues and National Security
- Clear and Present Danger Speech
- Prior Restraint
- Libel Issues
- Privacy Protection
- Access to Public Records
- Reporter's Privilege to Withhold Information
- Intellectual Property Protection
- Regulating Electronic Media
- Further Readings
- Introduction
- General Professional Associations
- General Broadcast Organizations
- Print Organizations
- Interactive Media Organizations
- News Wire Services
- Further Readings
- Reporting Specializations
- Introduction
- Accreditation Standards in Journalism Education
- Journalism White Papers on Changes in Education and Media
- Schools of Journalism: Values and Curriculum
- Further Readings
- Audience Research
- Introduction
- Public Opinion
- Internet Impact on Media
- Newsroom Diversity
- Journalism Employment/Careers
- Key Trends in Journalism
- Further Readings
- Introduction
- The Pulitzer Prizes
- General Journalism Awards
- Specialized Journalism Awards
- Electronic Journalism Awards
- Photography and Editorial Cartooning Awards
- Introduction
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Andorra
- Angola
- Antigua And Barbuda
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Belize
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Brunei Darussalam
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Capeverde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Congo, Republic Of
- Costa Rica
- Cote D'Ivoire
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Democratic Republic Of The Congo
- Denmark
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Micronesia
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Norway
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Romania
- Russian Federation
- Rwanda
- Saint Kitts And Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Sao Tome And Principe
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Serbia And Montenegro
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syrian Arab Republic
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste
- Togo
- Tonga
- Trinidad And Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States Of America
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- West Bank And Gaza Strip
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Notes to the User
- Acknowledgments
- Section 1. General Reference
- Section 2. History
- Section 3. Technology
- Section 4. Journalism Business and Process
- Section 5. News Categories
- Section 6. Political Communication
- Section 7. Journalists
- Section 8. Regulation, Ethics, and Critique
- Section 9. Audiences
- Section 10. Global and Comparative Journalism
- Section 11. Journalism Periodicals
- Section 12. A Library User's Guide for Journalism and Mass Communication Subjects
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