SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Counseling

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Optimism and Pessimism

By: Kimberly Stark-Wroblewski
In: Encyclopedia of Counseling
Edited by: Frederick T. L. Leong
Subject:General Counseling & Psychotherapy, Counseling Psychology

Optimism refers to a hopeful disposition or a general belief that good things will happen, whereas pessimism describes a general expectation that bad things will happen. These constructs have been conceptualized as dispositional traits, as well as cognitive styles, and have ...

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  Stark-Wroblewski, K. (2008). Optimism and pessimism. In F. T. Leong (Ed.), Encyclopedia of counseling (Vol. 1, pp. 717-710). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963978.n227
  
  Stark-Wroblewski, Kimberly. "Optimism and Pessimism." In Encyclopedia of Counseling, edited by Leong, Frederick T. L., 717-10. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963978.n227.
  
  Stark-Wroblewski, K. 2008. Optimism and Pessimism. In: Frederick T. Leong Editor, 2008. Encyclopedia of Counseling, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 717-710 Available at: <http://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963978.n227> [Accessed 25 Feb 2021].
  
  Stark-Wroblewski, Kimberly. "Optimism and Pessimism." Encyclopedia of Counseling. Edited by Frederick T. Leong. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2008, pp. 717-10. SAGE Knowledge. 25 Feb 2021, doi: http://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963978.n227.
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