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One of the most striking features of the anglophone literature on NGOs is the diversity of NGO sectors and their contributions to civil society and democracy; yet, exploration of this complexity is often eschewed in favour of a normative approach in which the apparently mutually enhancing relationship between NGOs, civil society and the state is underpinned by liberal democratic assumption rather than an engagement with wider debates about the politics of development. Following a critique of this approach to NGOs, civil society and democracy, the paper argues that the role of NGOs in the politics of development is far more complex than much of the NGO literature would suggest, and calls for a more contextualized and less value-laden approach to the understanding of the political role of NGOs.
‘NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature’, ClaireMercerProgress in Development Studies, 2 (1) (2002): 5–22. Copyright © Sage Publications. All rights reserved. Reproduced with the permission of the copyright holders and the publishers, SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
Chronology of NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature
Table of Contents
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Volume I: Theories, Methods and Historical Perspectives
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Conceptualising Democracy and Democratization
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1. Democratization as Deliberative Capacity Building
John Dryzek
2009
Comparative Political Studies
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2. Citizenship and Social Class
T. Marshall
1950
Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays
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3. Of the Limits to the Authority of Society over the Individual
John Mill
1978
On Liberty
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4. Recent Theories of Democracy and the ‘Classical Myth’
Carole Pateman
1970
Participation and Democratic Theory
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Joseph Schumpeter
2003
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
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6. Democracy as a Universal Value
Amartya Sen
1999
Journal of Democracy
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7. Dissident Citizenship: Democratic Theory, Political Courage, and Activist Women
Holloway Sparks
1997
Hypatia
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Theorising Democratization
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8. Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations
Valerie Bunce
2000
Comparative Political Studies
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9. Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research
David Collier | Steven Levitsky
1997
World Politics
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10. Three Paradoxes of Democracy
Larry Diamond
1990
Journal of Democracy
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11. An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy
Anthony Downs
1957
Journal of Political Economy
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12. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy
Seymour Lipset
1959
Lipset The American Political Science Review
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13. Modernization: Theories and Facts
Adam Przeworski | Fernando Limongi
1997
World Politics
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14. What Democracy Is … and Is Not
Philippe Schmitter | Terry Karl
1991
Journal of Democracy
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15. The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond
Giovanni Capoccia | Daniel Ziblatt
2010
Comparative Political Studies
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Volume II: States and Political Economies of Democratization
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Transitology Literature and Its Limits
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16. How Democracies Emerge: The “Sequencing” Fallacy
Thomas Carothers
2007
Journal of Democracy
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17. What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?
Barbara Geddes
1999
Annual Review of Political Science
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18. Toward Consolidated Democracies
Juan Linz | Alfred Stepan
1996
Journal of Democracy
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19. Democratization Backwards: The Problem of Third-Wave Democracies
Richard Rose | Doh Shin
2001
British Journal of Political Science
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Bringing Back States and Markets into the Democratization Literature
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20. Market Economy and Democratic Polity
David Beetham
1997
Democratization
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21. Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya
Daniel Branch | Nic Cheeseman
2008
African Affairs
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22. Comparing Democratic Systems
Donald Horowitz
1990
Journal of Democracy
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Guillermo O'Donnell
1993
World Development
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Adam Przeworski
2004
Government and Opposition
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25. Democratization and Dissension: The Formation of the Workers' Party
Margaret Keck
1986
Politics & Society
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26. Backlash in Bolivia: Regional Autonomy as a Reaction against Indigenous Mobilization
Kent Eaton
2007
Politics & Society
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27. Rethinking Responses to State Failure, with Special Reference to Africa
Brennan Kraxberger
2012
Progress in Development Studies
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28. Democratization and the Institutionalization of Latin American Political Parties
Robert Dix
1992
Comparative Political Studies
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Challenges to Democratization
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29. Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization
Jon Pevehouse
2002
International Organization
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Mushtaq Khan
2005
Democratization
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31. Why Democracy Needs a Level Playing Field
Steven Levitsky | Lucan Way
2010
Journal of Democracy
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32. Does Oil Hinder Democracy?
Michael Ross
2001
World Politics
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33. Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis
Jean Grugel | Pía Riggirozzi
2012
Development and Change
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Volume III: Civil Society, Human Rights, and Culture in Democratization
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The Role of Civil Society in Democratization
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34. Labor and Democratization in South Korea and Taiwan
Yin-Wah Chu
1998
Journal of Contemporary Asia
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Ruth Collier | James Mahoney
1997
Comparative Politics
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36. Toward Democratic Consolidation
Larry Diamond
1994
Journal of Democracy
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A. LeVan
2011
Democratization
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38. Gendering Politics and Policy in Transitions to Democracy: Chile and South Africa
Georgina Waylen
2010
Policy & Politics
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39. Spaces of Civil Society: The Role of Migrant Non-Governmental Organizations in Beijing and Shanghai
Jennifer Hsu
2012
Progress in Development Studies
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Claiming Citizenship Rights in the Global South
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40. Human Rights, Democracy and Development: The Debate in East Asia
Rosemary Foot
1997
Democratization
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41. Religion and Democratization in Africa
Jeff Haynes
2004
Democratization
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42. The Politics of ‘Democratization’: Lessons from Bosnia and Iraq
Alex Jeffrey
2007
Review of International Political Economy
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43. Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Postliberal Challenge in Latin America
Deborah Yashar
1999
World Politics
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44. Democracy's Labor: Disjunctive Memory in a Bolivian Workers' Union
Robert Albro
2009
Latin American Perspectives
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45. Waves of Change within Civil Society in Latin America: Mexico City and São Paulo
Adrian Lavalle | Natália Bueno
2011
Politics & Society
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Democratizing Civil Society
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46. The Taming of the Idea of Civil Society
Gideon Baker
1999
Democratization
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47. Democratizing Civil Society in Latin America
Alison Brysk
2000
Journal of Democracy
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48. Civil Society, Social Capital, and Development: Dissection of a Complex Discourse
Goran Hyden
1997
Studies in Comparative International Development
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49. NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature
Claire Mercer
2002
Progress in Development Studies
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50. Accounting for the ‘Dark Side’ of Social Capital: Reading Robert Putnam on Democracy
James Putzel
1997
Journal of International Development
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Volume IV: The Global Politics and the Globalization of Democratization
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Conceptualizing Democratization beyond Nation States
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51. Developing Democracy beyond the State
Gráinne de Búrca
2008
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
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52. Globalizations and Democracy
Donatella Della Porta
2005
Porta Democratization
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53. Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization
Kristian Gleditsch | Michael Ward
2006
International Organization
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Samuel Huntington
1991
Journal of Democracy
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55. Other Domains of Democratic Theory: Space, Power, and the Politics of Democratization
David Slater
2002
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
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Jean Grugel | Enrique Peruzzotti
2012
Human Rights Quarterly
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The Role of External Actors in Democratization
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57. Democratization and Ideational Diffusion: Europe, Mercosur and Social Citizenship
Jean Grugel
2007
Journal of Common Market Studies
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58. Disembedded Democracy? Globalization and the ‘Third Way’
Joseph Lewandowski
2003
European Journal of Social Theory
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59. Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America
Kathryn Sikkink
1993
International Organization
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60. Democracy and the Multinationals
Richard Youngs
2004
Democratization
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61. Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Roberto Belloni
2001
Journal of Peace Research
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Stalled Transitions and the Contradictions of Democracy Promotion
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62. The Contradictions of Democratization by Force: The Case of Iraq
David Beetham
2009
Democratization
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63. The International Context of Morocco's Stalled Democratisation
Francesco Cavatorta
2005
Democratization
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64. Transnationalizing Democracy Promotion: The Role of Western Political Foundations and Think-Tanks
James Scott
1999
Democratization
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65. The Politics of “Public Opinion” in the Philippines
Eva-Lotta Hedman
2010
Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs
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Kristi Raik
2004
East European Politics and Societies
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