Summary
Contents
Countries A-Z
Political & Electoral Systems
Intergovernmental Organisations
The Political Handbook of the World provides timely, thorough, and accurate political information, with more in-depth coverage of current political controversies than any other reference guide. The updated 2016–2017 edition, which contains revisions made by political science and international relations scholars, will continue to be the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each country’s governmental and political makeup. With more than 200 entries on countries and territories throughout the world, housed in one place, these volumes are renowned for their extensive coverage of all major and minor political parties and groups in each political system. They also provide names of key ambassadors and international memberships of each country, plus detailed profiles of more than 30 intergovernmental organizations and United Nations agencies. This comprehensive update will include coverage of current events, issues, crises, and controversies from the course of the last two years, including the closely-watched U.S. presidential election; the effect of the Brexit referendum and installment of a new British prime minister; the extensive investigation and subsequent impeachment of Brazil’s president; the far-reaching impact of the “Panama Papers” scandal; changes in U.S.–Cuba diplomatic relations and the reopening of their embassies; the unconstitutional declaration of Gambia as an Islamic State; and sentiments about the migrant and refugee crisis across Europe and the influence on policy. Also, the new “For Further Reference” feature included for every country entry directs readers to additional resources.
-
Regime Type
icon angle down-
dictatorship
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Angola
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Belarus
- Brunei
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- China
- Cuba
- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
- Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kazakhstan
- Laos
- Libya
- Malaysia
- Mauritania
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Oman
- Qatar
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Sudan
- Swaziland
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Tonga
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zimbabwe
-
democracy
- Albania
- Andorra
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Aruba
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahamas
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Belize
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Côte D’ivoire
- Canada
- Cape Verde
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Curaçao
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Estonia
- Federated States Of Micronesia
- FIJI
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kosovo
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Korea
- Romania
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- Somaliland
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Tanzania
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Togo
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Tuvalu
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
- United States
- Uruguay
- Vanuatu
- Zambia
-
not rated
-
-
Democracy Type
icon angle down-
non-democracy
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Angola
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Belarus
- Brunei
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- China
- Cuba
- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
- Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Iran
- Kazakhstan
- Laos
- Libya
- Malaysia
- Mauritania
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Oman
- Qatar
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Sudan
- Swaziland
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Tonga
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zimbabwe
-
semi-democracy
- Albania
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Armenia
- Bangladesh
- Bolivia
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Burkina Faso
- Côte D’ivoire
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Ecuador
- FIJI
- Georgia
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Indonesia
- Iraq
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kosovo
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Mali
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Philippines
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Somaliland
- Sri Lanka
- Tanzania
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Togo
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- Zambia
-
newer democracy
- Andorra
- Argentina
- Belize
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Cape Verde
- Chile
- China
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Dominican Republic
- El Salvador
- Estonia
- Federated States Of Micronesia
- Ghana
- Grenada
- Guyana
- Hungary
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Marshall Islands
- Mongolia
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Palau
- Panama
- Peru
- Poland
- Republic of Korea
- Romania
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Samoa
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- Suriname
- Tunisia
- Tuvalu
- United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
- Uruguay
- Vanuatu
-
not rated
-
older democracy
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Canada
- Costa Rica
- Cyprus
- Denmark
- Dominica
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Iceland
- India
- Ireland
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Kiribati
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Mauritius
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Portugal
- San Marino
- Solomon Islands
- Spain
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United Kingdom
- United States
-
-
Freedom House Rating
icon angle down-
not free
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Angola
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Belarus
- Brunei
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- China
- China
- Cuba
- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
- Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kazakhstan
- Laos
- Libya
- Mauritania
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Oman
- Qatar
- Republic of The Congo
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Sudan
- Swaziland
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zimbabwe
-
partly free
- Albania
- Armenia
- Bangladesh
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Burkina Faso
- Côte D’ivoire
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Ecuador
- FIJI
- Georgia
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Indonesia
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kosovo
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Philippines
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Somaliland
- Sri Lanka
- Tanzania
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Togo
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- Zambia
-
free
- Andorra
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Belize
- Benin
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Cape Verde
- Chile
- China
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- El Salvador
- Estonia
- Federated States Of Micronesia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guyana
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Kiribati
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritius
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Palau
- Panama
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Korea
- Romania
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- South Africa
- Spain
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Tuvalu
- United Kingdom
- United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
- United States
- Uruguay
- Vanuatu
-
not rated
-
-
Election System
icon angle down-
majoritarian
- Afghanistan
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belize
- Bhutan
- Botswana
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Central African Republic
- Comoros
- Cuba
- Dominica
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Federated States Of Micronesia
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Grenada
- Haiti
- India
- Iran
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kuwait
- Laos
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mongolia
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Nauru
- Nigeria
- Oman
- Palau
- Papua New Guinea
- Samoa
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Solomon Islands
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Swaziland
- Syria
- Tanzania
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
-
proportional representation (pr)
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Argentina
- Austria
- Belgium
- Benin
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cape Verde
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Estonia
- FIJI
- Finland
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Honduras
- Iceland
- Indonesia
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kosovo
- Kyrgyzstan
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malta
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Netherlands
- Nicaragua
- Norway
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Rwanda
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uruguay
-
combined
- Andorra
- Armenia
- Bolivia
- Côte D’ivoire
- Chad
- China
- Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Georgia
- Germany
- Guinea
- Hungary
- Japan
- Lesotho
- Libya
- Lithuania
- Mexico
- Monaco
- Nepal
- New Zealand
- Niger
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Republic of Korea
- Russia
- Senegal
- Seychelles
- Sudan
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Ukraine
- Venezuela
-
no elections
-
not rated
-
-
Election Rules
icon angle down-
single non-transferable vote
-
list proportional representation
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Argentina
- Austria
- Belgium
- Benin
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cape Verde
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Estonia
- FIJI
- Finland
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Honduras
- Iceland
- Indonesia
- Iraq
- Israel
- Italy
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kosovo
- Kyrgyzstan
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Netherlands
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Norway
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Rwanda
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uruguay
-
parallel systems
-
first past the post
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belize
- Botswana
- Canada
- Dominica
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Federated States Of Micronesia
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Grenada
- India
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Liberia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Marshall Islands
- Mongolia
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Nigeria
- Oman
- Palau
- Samoa
- Sierra Leone
- Solomon Islands
- Somaliland
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Swaziland
- Tanzania
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
- United States
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
-
alternative vote
-
two round system
-
mixed member proportional system
-
no free elections
-
party bloc vote
-
single transferable vote
-
block vote
-
not rated
-
-
Party System
icon angle down-
multi party-hyper competitive
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Armenia
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Benin
- Brazil
- Central African Republic
- Chile
- Comoros
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- Finland
- Germany
- Guyana
- Hungary
- India
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Macedonia
- Malaysia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Philippines
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Sierra Leone
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Thailand
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
- Venezuela
-
multi party-limited competition
- Albania
- Andorra
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Côte D’ivoire
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Chad
- China
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- FIJI
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Honduras
- Iceland
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Ireland
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Mongolia
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Paraguay
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Korea
- Russia
- Rwanda
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Senegal
- Solomon Islands
- Somaliland
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Sudan
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uganda
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
-
two party
-
not rated
-
one party
-
-
System of Government
icon angle down-
unitary
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belize
- Benin
- Brunei
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Côte D’ivoire
- Cambodia
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Chile
- China
- China
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
- Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Denmark
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Jamaica
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Nauru
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Norway
- Oman
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Qatar
- Republic of Korea
- Rwanda
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Sri Lanka
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the grenadines
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste (East Timor)
- Togo
- Tonga
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
-
federal
- Andorra
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bhutan
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Federated States Of Micronesia
- FIJI
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Japan
- Madagascar
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Papua New Guinea
- Portugal
- Russia
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- South Africa
- South Sudan
- Spain
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- Sudan
- Switzerland
- Tanzania
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
- United States
- Venezuela
-
- African Union (AU)
- Arab League
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
- Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
- Council of Europe
- Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
- European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
- European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
- European Union (EU)
- Group of Eight
- Group of Twenty
- International Criminal Court (ICC)
- International Energy Agency (IEA)
- International Organization For Migration (IOM)
- Non-Aligned Movement
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- Organization For Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
- Organization For Security And Cooperation In Europe (OSCE)
- Organization of American States (OAS)
- Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
- Organization of The Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
- Regional Development Banks
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
- South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
- Southern African Development Community (SADC)
- Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL)
- The Commonwealth
- United Nations (UN)
- United Nations: Related Organizations
- United Nations: Specialized Agencies
- World Trade Organization (WTO)