Summary
Contents
Subject index
100 Americans Making Constitutional History: A Biographical History presents 100 profiles of the key people behind some of the most important U.S. Supreme Court cases. Edited by Melvin I. Urofsky, a respected constitutional historian, each 2,000-word profile delves into the social and political context behind landmark Court decisions. For example, while a case like Brown v. Board of Education is about an important idea—the equal protection of the law—at its heart it is the story of a little girl, Linda Brown, who wanted to go to a decent school near her home. The outcome is accessible and objective “stories” about the individuals—heroes and scoundrels—who fought their way to constitutional history.
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Front Matter
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Chapters
- Profiles of the Litigants
- Jacob Abrams
- Free Speech
- “The Only Just War is the Social Revolution”
- Allan Paul Bakke
- The Problem of Affirmative Action
- “More than Anything Else in the World I Want to Study Medicine”
- Daisy Bates
- The Fight for Civil Rights in Arkansas
- “The Right of Peaceable Assembly … Lie[s] at the Foundation of Government”
- Robert Mack Bell
- A Civil Rights Success Story
- “I Also [Knew] that I … was Not Going to Get up and Leave”
- Berea College
- The Education of African Americans
- “They must not Remain a Nation of Bootblacks and Stevedores”
- William Bingham
- The Fruits of Enterprise
- “The Record, in the Present Case, was Defective”
- Sherman Booth
- The Fight against Slavery
- “Whether we will be Men or Barbarians and Brutes”
- Elias C. Boudinot
- Cherokee Tobacco Enterprises
- “The Most Intelligent Indian in North America”
- Myra Bradwell
- Women in the Legal Profession
- “To Fulfill the Noble and Benign Offices of Wife and Mother”
- Harry Bridges
- Free Speech and Union Rights
- “We [will] not Allow State Courts to Override the Majority Vote of Members”
- Linda Brown
- The Fight for Educational Equality
- “When School Started we would Go these Opposite Directions”
- Porter L. Brown
- The Farmer who Stood up to the State
- “The Program is … simply a Means of Controlling the Supply of Raisins”
- Carrie Buck
- The Eugenics Movement in America
- “Three Generations of Imbeciles are Enough”
- Drew Caminetti and Maury Diggs
- Love and the Mann Act
- “For any other Immoral Purpose”
- Jagdish Chadha
- Tortuous Path to Citizenship
- “Law Students will all Study my Case”
- Walter Chaplinsky
- The Freedom to Proselytize
- “These Include the Lewd and Obscene … Insulting or ‘Fighting Words’”
- Joseph Cinque
- The Thirty “Amistads”
- “Cinque and Grabeau shall not Sigh for Africa in Vain”
- Nancy Cruzan
- The Right to Die
- “Evidence Regarding the Patient's Intent”
- James Dale
- His Ousting from the Boy Scouts
- “Never had any Plan … to Make Homosexuality an Issue”
- Eugene Debs
- Homegrown Radicalism
- “A Gatling Gun on Paper”
- Eugene Dennis
- The Red Scare and the American Communist Party Conspiracy
- “Moscow Puppet and Defender of Political Speech”
- Joshua DeShaney
- The Limits of the Law
- “They Stood by and Did Nothing”
- Steven Engel and Lawrence Roth
- School Prayer
- “The Supreme Court has Held that God is Unconstitutional”
- Susan Epperson
- The Battle over Evolution
- “She's Too Pretty to Come from a Monkey”
- Robinson Everett
- Racial Redistricting in North Carolina
- “If you Drove Down the Interstate with Both Doors Open …”
- A. Ernest Fitzgerald
- Blowing the Whistle on Waste in the Pentagon
- “Loyalty is the Name of the Game”
- Curt Flood
- Major League Baseball
- “I do not Feel that I am a Piece of Property”
- Larry Flynt
- Freedom of the Press
- “The First Amendment has Become an Obsession with Me”
- Fong Yue Ting
- The Chinese Campaign for Civil Rights
- “It is a Cruel Law. It is a Bad Law.”
- Willie Francis
- The Failed Electric Chair
- “I'm Wearing my Sunday Pants … to the Chair”
- Leo Frank
- The Tragic Victim of Due Process
- “Mob Law does not Become due Process of Law”
- Sharron Frontiero
- The Struggle for Gender Equality
- “Man is no Longer the Sole Breadwinner of the Family”
- Robert Fulton
- The Steamboat Monopoly
- “A Full and Equal Right to Navigate”
- William Furman
- The (Temporary) Abolition of the Death Penalty
- “The Gun Went Off and I Didn't Know Nothing about no Murder …”
- Myra Clark Gaines
- The New Orleans Claimant
- “The True-Life Romance of the American Courts”
- Elmer Gertz
- The Definition of Libel
- “Somebody Ought to Call a Halt to that Kind of Thing”
- Clarence Earl Gideon
- The Right to Counsel
- “I Requested the Court to Appoint me an Attorney and the Court Refused”
- Benjamin Gitlow
- Radical Leader to Fallen-Away Communist
- “To Yield to Communism is to Permit the Abrogation of our Liberties”
- Lillian Gobitas
- Freedom of Religion
- “Jehovah will Provide”
- Emma Goldman
- Perils of an American Radical
- “Wholly Wanting in Merit”
- Estelle Griswold
- The Right to Privacy
- “The Sacred Precincts of the Marital Bedrooms”
- Morton Halperin
- The Invasion of Family Privacy
- “A Scandal would be Most Helpful Here”
- Michael Hardwick
- The Battle for Gay Rights
- “What are you Doing in My Bedroom?”
- Hugh Hefner
- The Right to Sexual Expression
- “I Only Read the Articles”
- James Hill
- Privacy and the Press
- “Now they Can See the Story Re-Enacted in Hayes’ Broadway play”
- Gordon Hirabayashi
- Japanese American Internment
- “Ancestry is not a Crime”
- Jane E. Hodgson
- The Fight for Legal Abortion
- “I Never Believed that Abortion Laws Would Change in My Lifetime”
- Ann Hopkins
- Making Partner the Hard Way
- “Walk More Femininely, Talk More Femininely … and Wear Jewelry”
- Ishmael Jaffree
- A Passion for Nonconformity
- “Free to Examine, to Explore, … to be Exposed to Different Philosophies”
- Gregory Lee Johnson
- The Flag Burning Controversy
- “I am Still a Revolutionary”
- Paul E. Johnson
- Affirmative Action
- “No One Else. … was Anywhere Near as Qualified as I Was”
- Paula Jones
- The Trial of a President
- “You are Smart. Let's Keep this Between Ourselves.”
- Jo Carol LaFleur
- Equal Rights for Women in the Workplace
- “You're a Good Teacher, But You've Got to Take this Leave”
- Dietrich Loewe
- The Labor Trust
- “I Knew that all the Employees were Satisfied”
- Lone Wolf
- The Theft of Indian Land
- “Full Power … over Indian Affairs”
- The Lovings
- Living as Man and Wife
- “It is Just Unfair that I can't Live with Her in Virginia”
- Martin Luther
- Popular Sovereignty
- “If you've Found him, you May Kill Him”
- Douglas Clyde Macintosh
- Selective Conscientious Objection
- “I do not Undertake to Support ‘My Country, Right or Wrong’”
- William Marbury
- Futile Quest
- “It is … the Province … of the Judicial Department to Say what the Law is”
- John Marshall
- The Disposition of Lord Fairfax's Lands
- “The Absolute Right of Decision, in the Last Resort, Must Rest Somewhere”
- Norma McCorvey
- Reproductive Freedom
- “Other Women will Not have to go Through what I did”
- James William McCulloh
- The Second Bank of the United States
- “The Bank was Saved, and the People were Ruined”
- Lambdin P. Milligan
- Constitutional Rights in Wartime
- “No Doctrine, Involving More Pernicious Consequences, was Ever Invented”
- Virginia Minor
- Women's Fight for Suffrage
- “Every Right and Privilege to Which Every other Citizen is Entitled”
- Ernesto Miranda
- The Man behind the Warnings
- “You have the Right to Remain Silent”
- David Neagle
- Trigger Man for a Tragedy
- “I Hope your Wife does not Intend to Make Trouble”
- Jay Near
- Freedom of the Press
- “Stories of Crime, Bloodshed, or Tales of Lust”
- Leo Nebbia
- Protest against Price-Fixing
- “This Robbery Must Stop Soon or Reform will be too Late”
- Lawrence A. Nixon
- The All-White Primary
- “In no Event shall a Negro be Eligible”
- Richard M. Nixon
- The Watergate Tapes
- “No One on [my] Staff … was Involved in this Very Bizarre Incident”
- Clarence Norris
- Racism in the Depression South
- “If there is a God He forgot about Me”
- Thomas M. Patterson
- Criticism of the Courts
- “A Direct Assault upon the Freedom of the Press”
- Ernesto Pichardo
- The Practice of Santeria
- “Government may not Enact Laws that Suppress Religious Belief”
- Homer Plessy
- Validation of Jim Crow
- “Laws Designed to Debase and Distinguish Against the Inferior Race”
- Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
- A Defiant and Flawed Hero
- “Mr. Civil Rights”
- Cecil Roy Price
- Mississippi “Justice” in the 1960s
- “I Gave them All what I thought they Deserved”
- Timothy E. Quill
- Physician-Assisted Suicide
- “There's an Elephant in the Room”
- Kim Rawlinson
- Job Discrimination
- “Physical Standards for Prison Guards are Irrelevant”
- Sally Reed
- Women's Rights before the Law
- “I Just Felt a Woman should have the Privilege of Asking”
- George Reynolds
- The Mormon Claim for Plural Marriage
- “Freedom of Religious Opinion But Not the Exercise of that Opinion is Twaddle”
- Demetrio Rodriguez
- The Battle over School Funding
- “We didn't have the Education”
- Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
- Atomic Espionage
- “I Consider your Crime Worse than Murder”
- Dred Scott
- Fight for Freedom from Slavery
- “A Subordinate and Inferior Class of Beings”
- Mack Claude Screws
- Justice in Baker County
- “Under Color of Law”
- Daniel Seeger
- The Meaning of Pacifism
- “A Religious Faith in a Purely Ethical Creed”
- Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher
- The Fight for Equal Education
- “Headstrong and Smart-Mouthed”
- Al Smith
- The Free Exercise of Religion
- “I was Only Going to Church”
- L. B. Sullivan
- Alabama in the 1960s
- “A Famous Racist and Hater of Black People”
- Darius and Vera Swann
- The Desegregation of Southern Schools
- “Mama, you Put Me in the Wrong School!”
- Mary Beth Tinker
- Free Speech for Students
- “Well, that's My Mom”
- Pat Tornillo
- Freedom of the Press
- “Anyone could Silence the Press by Becoming a Candidate”
- Clement L. Vallandingham
- Political Opposition in the Civil War
- “Declaring Sympathies with the Enemy will no Longer be Tolerated”
- William Warley
- A Leader Ahead of his Time
- “All Other Cases will Hinge on Louisville”
- Henry Wheaton and Richard Peters
- “Owning” the Law
- “A Curious Case in the History of Judicature”
- Charlotte Anita Whitney
- Free Speech for Radicals
- “If Belief in Self-Expression … is Criminal, then I am a Criminal”
- Peg-Leg Williams
- Emigrant Agent
- “A Man in this Country has the Right to go where he Pleases”
- Samuel Worcester
- The Fight for Cherokee Rights
- “I am Under no Moral Obligation to Remove”
- Tomoyuki Yamashita
- War Crimes Trials
- “Brutal Atrocities and other High Crimes”
- Yick Wo
- Racial Discrimination in the Dai Fou
- “The Very Idea [is] Intolerable in any Country 184 where Freedom Prevails”
- Jonas Yoder
- The Preservation of Amish Culture
- “To Perform Acts … at Odds with … their Religious Beliefs”
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Back Matter
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