The Coca-Cola Company: Allegations of Pesticides in Soft Drinks in India

Abstract

This paper highlights the history of the development of the carbonated beverage industry in India by the Coca-Cola Corporation and recent allegations made by the non-governmental organization, Center for Science and Environment, of pesticides found in Coca-Cola’s soft drinks. The purpose of this paper is to encourage discussion on how the key players in this event used communication and the media to further their interests on the local and international levels and what Coca-Cola should do to elevate the situation now and in the future.

This case was prepared for inclusion in Sage Business Cases primarily as a basis for classroom discussion or self-study, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective management styles. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be an endorsement of any kind. This case is for scholarly, educational, or personal use only within your university, and cannot be forwarded outside the university or used for other commercial purposes.

2024 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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Resources

Exhibit 1: Soft Drinks Still Unsafe… 1

Press Release, August 02, 2006
  • Finds the 2006 nationwide study by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Little done since 2003, when CSE found unsafe levels of pesticides in soft drink samples from Delhi
  • The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) had asked for standards for carbonated beverages; the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has formulated standards. But the finalized standards have not been notified
  • Our health, particularly the health of our children, seems to be of little concern to the regulator, the Union ministry of health and family welfare

New Delhi, August 2, 2006: Three years after CSE released its findings on pesticide residues in soft drinks, a new nationwide study shows nothing much has changed: soft drinks remain unsafe and unhealthy. And public health remains severely compromised. Worse, even the directions given by the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) have been disregarded: standards for safety have been finalized but blocked because of company opposition. Our health is nobody’s business, it would seem, indicts the study.

The 2006 CSE study tests 57 samples of 11 soft drink brands, from 25 different manufacturing plants of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, spread over 12 states. The study finds pesticide residues in all samples; it finds a cocktail of 3-5 different pesticides in all samples—on an average 24 times higher than BIS norms, which have been finalized but not yet notified. The levels in some samples—for instance, Coca-Cola bought in Kolkata—exceeded the BIS standards by 140 times for the deadly pesticide Lindane. Similarly, a Coca-Cola sample manufactured in Thane contained the neurotoxin Chlorpyrifos, 200 times the standard. “This is clearly unacceptable as we know that pesticides are tiny toxins and impact our bodies over time,” says Sunita Narain, director, CSE.

Figure

The current study was conducted by the same Pollution Monitoring Laboratory of CSE, which had tested samples in 2003. It will be recalled that the two soft drink companies had raised numerous issues regarding the veracity of the CSE study and the capabilities endorsed the methodology and the findings of the 2003 CSE study. This time, further improvements have been made. Firstly, the laboratory is now accredited with ISO 9001:2000 quality management system. Secondly, the laboratory has confirmed the presence of the pesticides using an expensive and state of art equipment—the GC-MS. “We have fully complied with the JPC directions and are even more confident about our findings,” says Chandra Bhushan, associate director at CSE.

In 2003, the average level of pesticide residues in Delhi samples was 34 times above the same BIS standard. But this cannot be taken even as a marginal reduction, because this time, shockingly, CSE has found pesticide residues as high as 52 times in bottles bought in Kolkata, and 42 times in bottles bought in Nainital and Gorakhpur. Similarly, bottles bought in Mumbai, manufactured in Thane and Nagpur, are 34 times above the BIS standard.

The dumber number game

“Safety is also not only about high or low numbers,” explains Narain. Companies tell us that they are safe because pesticide residues are tiny and are lower in their products than what is found in other products—say, milk and juice. But this is scientific jugglery. Pesticides are tiny toxins and deadly for us if we are exposed to quantities higher than what is defined as an acceptable limit. In other words, our exposure, through the food we eat and water we drink, must be kept under the threshold of safety. The safe limit—or the standard—in each product is set keeping in mind the nutrition-pesticide trade-off—a quota for residues can be allowed in nutritive food like milk or juice, but not in non-nutritive products like carbonated beverages.

This is why, since the release of its 2003 study, CSE has demanded that government must set standards for safe levels of pesticide residues in soft drinks.

“This is a grave public health scandal,” says Narain. In early February 2004, confirming the unsafe levels of pesticides in soft drinks, JPC had directed government to set standards for these residues in the products. Since then, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has, in its sectional committee, met over 20 times to deliberate on the standards. In October 2005, after months of data analysis and discussion with all stakeholders—including the two soft drink majors—the standards were finalized by the committee. In March 2006, the committee met once again to reconfirm the standards. But since then, the status remains the same: the standards are finalized but not notified.

The final standards are ironically being opposed by the Union ministry of health and family welfare, which argues that more research needs to be done. The ministry has, in the last three years, set up committee after committee, and various sub-committees, to examine the safety concerns, but with little progress. Clearly, ‘good’ science cannot become a pretext for prevarication and obstruction. “We know that the companies are strongly opposed to this standard as it will bring them under the ambit of regulators,” says CSE which has also put deliberations on all issues concerning the setting of standards, in the public domain.

This is an issue of public health and so, it is not negotiable. Our demand is simple, says CSE: The government must notify the final product standards and make these mandatory for soft drink companies, so that soft drinks, consumed particularly by children, are checked and regulated. No more delays. No more procedures. We want safety first and foremost.

For the complete Down To Earth cover story, the CSE lab report, the press conference presentation, this press release and related documents, please visit: http://www.cseindia.org/misc/cola-indepth/cola2006/cola-index.htm

Figure
Highlights of the 2006 CSE study on pesticides in colas-II:
  • A cocktail of 3-6 pesticides was present in all samples.
  • Lindane (a confirmed carcinogen) levels were over 54 times above the BIS standard; in one Coca-Cola sample from Kolkata, it was 140 times higher.
  • Chlorpyrifos (a known neurotoxin) levels were 47 times higher; a Coca-Cola sample from Mumbai had a 200 times higher level.
  • Heptachlor, banned in India, was found in 71 per cent of the samples, at levels 4 times higher than BIS standards.
  • Average amount of pesticide residues found in all the samples was 11.85 parts per billion (ppb)—24 times higher than the BIS standards for total pesticides in soft drinks (0.5 ppb).
  • Pepsi cola contained 30 times higher residues on an average.
  • Coca-Cola contained 27 times higher residues on an average.

Exhibit 2

THE COCA-COLA COMPANY ADDRESSES ALLEGATIONS MADE ABOUT OUR BUSINESS IN INDIA. The Coca-Cola operation in India has been the subject of a variety of erroneous allegations recently and this is intended to clarify the facts regarding our business there. 2

Recent Media Reports regarding the Coca-Cola plant in Kerala

We are greatly concerned by the allegations raised in recent media reports concerning environmental practices at our plant in Palakkad, Kerala, and Southern India. Here are the facts:

1. Bio-solids
  • The ‘sludge’ or bio-solid is the end result of the waste water and water treatment processes and is made up of organic and inorganic material. The use of bio-solids as a soil amendment is not an uncommon practice around the world and within the Coca-Cola system, including in the US. We require that all of our plants, including in India, monitor generation, composition and management of the bio-solids that are a byproduct of our manufacturing operations.
  • For the avoidance of doubt, we have suspended land application and other disposal of the bio-solids until standard testing protocols are agreed and accepted by all constituents, and reliable analytical results are available for review.
  • We are also talking to the Indian central government to ensure that the issue of a uniform and consistent national regulatory framework is given the full review that it deserves.
  • Furthermore, the Kerala State Pollution Control Board, in a detailed study, concluded that the concentration of cadmium and other heavy metals in the bio-solids are below prescribed limits and, therefore, are not considered hazardous.
2. Water resources

As you may know, it has also been alleged that Coca-Cola India’s bottling plant in Kerala has been misusing local water resources. These allegations are false. Neighboring communities, tribal leaders, non-government organizations (NGOs), environmental scientists and government officials have repeatedly rejected the protestors’ allegations as totally groundless. Here are the facts:

  • Since the Kerala plant was built in 2000, Coca-Cola India has complied and continues to comply with all Federal and State laws and regulations in India. We respect and follow local laws.
  • In October 2002, Dr. R.N. Athvale, Emeritus scientist at the National Geophysical Research Institute in Hyderabad, India, stated in his report: “There is no field evidence of overexploitation of the groundwater reserves in the plant area.” He added that any aquifer depletion cannot be attributed to the water extraction in the plant area. A report from the local Palakkad District Environmental Protection Council and Guidance Society in June 2002 concluded: “We declare that there is no environment harassment to the public by the factory at any level.”
  • In the past two years, annual rainfall in Kerala decreased by about 60 percent.
  • The bottler has installed an advanced rainfall harvesting technology to help recharge the area’s groundwater reserves. We’ve joined with NGOs, tribal leaders and government officials to share the technology and equipment with neighboring villages. To supplement existing water sources, we also dug a bore well for the neighboring village, which we continue to supply with two tankers of fresh water daily.
  • The water from the factory’s seven standard-depth bore wells that is not used in making products is put to secondary applications or recycled back into the ground, using Government-compliant irrigation techniques.
  • The technology our wastewater treatment plant uses is among the most advanced in the world. The technologies are also equivalent to most Coca-Cola bottling plants in the United States and Europe. Further, our effluents comply with standards and norms set by the Kerala State Pollution Control Board. We constantly monitor the quality of the effluents to prevent pollution.
  • The latest detailed investigation just released by the Kerala State Groundwater Department has rejected the allegation that one of the reasons for water shortage in the area is “overexploitation” by the plant and instead points to “poor rainfall during the last few years” as “an important reason for the low water level in the open wells in the area.”
  • By rapidly expanding the capacity of our rain water harvesting technology at this plant, our aim is to become a net contributor to water in the area by the end of 2004. In other words, our plant will re-charge several times more water to the aquifer than it uses. Coca-Cola India shares the aspirations of the people of Kerala to spur economic growth and create more local jobs. Since investing in Kerala in 2000, the local communities have welcomed our business as a good corporate neighbor. We built the plant at the invitation of the Kerala State Government and today the plant directly employs 141 people and 300 contractors—who are drawn primarily from neighboring communities. It is estimated for every direct job in our business, 10 indirect jobs are created as a result of inputs, goods and services that we buy primarily from local businesses. In addition, nearly 24,000 self-employed people in the state are retailers of our products.
Product Quality in India

In August 2003 India’s Ministry of Health & Family Welfare commissioned accredited Indian laboratories to perform tests on our soft drinks throughout the country. The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare confirmed that our products in India are safe. In India, as in the rest of the world, our plants use a multiple barrier system to remove potential contaminants and unwanted natural substances, including pesticides. Our products in India are safe and are tested regularly to ensure they meet rigorous standards. These tests include testing for pesticides and insecticides.

For more detailed information on product quality and our environmental standards in India (including copies of Government and Independent analysis) please visit the Coca-Cola India web sites.

Exhibit 3: Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola Welcome Indian Government’s Endorsement on Safety of Soft Drinks 3

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare declares Coca-Cola & Pepsi-Cola soft drinks safe.

Coca-Cola & Pepsi-Cola India praise Government for providing leadership on safe soft drinks for consumers.

Coca-Cola & Pepsi-Cola India have full faith in the Indian authorities to develop fact and science-based standards.

New Delhi, India, August 21, 2003

Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola India today welcomed the announcement by the Indian Government that their products are safe. The announcement today is a result of rigorous tests ordered by the Ministry on soft drinks throughout the country.

The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare tests confirmed that soft drinks in India are perfectly safe. The tests recognize the safety of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola soft drinks and today’s announcement is an enormous step in restoring consumer confidence in our packaged drinking water and soft drinks.

Sanjiv Gupta, President, Coca-Cola India said, “We have the utmost praise and respect for the Ministry’s leadership on this issue and have full faith in the Indian authorities to develop fact and science-based standards. We have never doubted the quality of our soft drinks as we have an unwavering commitment to consumer safety. This announcement will ensure continued trust in our brands.”

Rajiv Bakshi, Chairman, PepsiCo India Holdings Pvt. Ltd., echoed those sentiments, “The Government has categorically declared our products safe. We are pleased that the Ministry shares our confidence in the safety of our products. We appreciate the Ministry’s speedy investigation and the recommendations of our product safety, which will help us restore consumer confidence.”

Notes to Editors:
Quality and safety delivered via a multiple-barrier process

Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola India follow the same stringent quality control standards as the rest of their respective companies worldwide.

The quality of soft drinks provided by Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola India is achieved through a multiple-barrier filtration process. This process provides the safest standards in the world. Water is drawn into the manufacturing plants through sealed pipelines into the storage tanks in secured water treatment areas.

  • The first step in the manufacturing of soft drink is the disinfection of water using the globally approved procedure of chlorination. This treatment ensures the destruction of microorganisms including pathogens and oxidation of heavy metal ions and organic impurities.
  • The second step is the filtration at the molecular level, which is achieved either by Coagulation/flocculation or reverse osmosis. Contaminants commonly removed by this process include: Dirt, Clay and any other suspended matter in the water, microbial matter (including bacteria, yeast, molds, virus, protozoa) and heavy metals and compounds which may cause an off-taste. When coagulation/flocculation is used, colloidal materials and suspended particles are removed by settling plus enhanced filtration through multi-media. If needed, alkalinity reduction may also be achieved by lime softening or ion exchange filters.
  • The third barrier to stop potential contaminants is water purification using granular activated carbon filters. The granular activated carbon with its large & porous surface area ensures effective removal of trace levels or organic compounds (including pesticides & herbicides), color, off-taste and odor causing compounds using the principle of absorption.
  • The last step is polishing filtration, which is passing water through high efficiency 5 micron filter to ensure every drop of treated water is free from any activated carbon fines and is safe for use in beverages.

Similar to the stringent standards used for water, Coca-Cola & Pepsi-Cola India buy high-grade sugar from authorized sugar mills in India and treat it with a globally acclaimed carbon treatment, which removes any impurities and is then used for the preparation of purified sugar syrup. This sugar syrup is then blended with soft drink concentrate. The concentrate is manufactured under extremely hygienic conditions from ingredients confirmed to be of the highest quality and safety and meet or exceed all Indian and international standards.

Strict regulatory controls on manufacturing plants in India and the companies’ own internal quality assessment procedures mean that every plant in India operates under the highest possible quality standards.

For more information on the quality standards of Coca-Cola India go to: www.myenjoyzone.com/press1/index.htm and for Pepsi-Cola India go to www.pepsi.com. For the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry got to www.ficci.com.

Exhibit 4: The Coca-Cola Company Releases Test Results Confirming: The Safety of Soft Drinks in India 4

Saturday, August 12, 2006

Company states Support for Establishment of clear Criteria for Pesticide Residues in Soft Drinks in India

New Delhi/Atlanta, August 12, 2006: The Coca-Cola Company today announced results of independent laboratory tests confirming that the Company’s soft drinks in India meet the stringent purity criteria set by the European Union for pesticides in bottled water. “There is no issue with the quality and purity of our products,” said Rick Frazier, Vice President of Technical Stewardship, The Coca-Cola Company.

Samples of Coca-Cola, Thumps-Up, Sprite, Fanta and Limca have been tested by the highly respected independent laboratory, Central Science Laboratories (CSL), in the United Kingdom. CSL’s test results confirm that there are no safety problems with pesticide residues in the soft drinks made by The Coca-Cola Company in India. Results from 2006 tests showed less than .1 part per billion of any pesticide. Testing is ongoing with additional results expected this coming week.

“Our beverages provide not only great taste and refreshment, but absolute quality – every bottle, every can, every day, everywhere,” said Frazier. “For the past two years. The Coca-Cola Company has been monitoring the purity of our beverages in India using the European Union criteria. We are therefore very comfortable supporting the Indian government’s intention to establish criteria for pesticide residues in soft drinks, based on scientifically validated testing methods.”

The Coca-Cola Company has stringent global standards for all the ingredients used in its beverages. Through the Coca-Cola Quality system, 441 different tests are carried out routinely by bottling operations and external laboratories to ensure the safety and quality of our beverages. These standards are backed by analytical testing protocols for these ingredients, and every plant in the worldwide Coca-Cola system is audited yearly for compliance.

“Given our longstanding commitment to product quality, we have been deeply concerned by recent allegations in India and want to assure all of our consumers that they can be confident in the quality of beverages offered by The Coca-Cola Company,” said Frazier. The accompanying summary provides objective third-party analytical evidence from CSL which substantiates the safety of The Coca-Cola Company’s products in India.

Summary of Analysis

Outline of Methods:

Multi-residue analysis by GC:

Samples were extracted with hexane or dichloromethane, as appropriate, in order to separate any potential residue from other materials present in the sample. The resultant extract was concentrated prior to clean-up by gel permeation chromatography. Analysis was carried out using a gas chromatograph connected to a mass selective detector (GC-MSD).

Multi-residue analysis by LC-MS:

Samples were applied to a solid phase extraction cartridge prior to elution of the pesticides using an appropriate solvent. The column eluate was reduced in volume, solvent exchanged, filtered and analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS.

Polar Organophosphorus pesticides:

Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate. An aliquot of the extract was concentrated and analyzed using a gas chromatograph connected to a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD).

Summary of Results of Analysis of Cola-Cola Products by Central Science Laboratories (UK) 2005–2006

Results are in ppb (parts per billion)

Product

Number of Samples

HCH – alpha

HCH -beta

HCH -delta

HCH -gamma

Chlorpyrofos

Heptachlor

Malathion

Coca-Cola

10

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

Thums Up

13

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

Limca

1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

Fanta

1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

About The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s largest beverage company. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world’s most valuable brand, The Company markets four of the world’s top five soft drink brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite, and a wide range of beverages, including diet and light soft drinks, waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees and sports drinks. Through the world’s largest distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy the Company’s beverages at a rate exceeding 1.3 billion servings each day. For more information about The Coca-Cola Company, please visit our website at www.coca-colaindia.com

Exhibit 5: Relevant Press Releases 5

Statement from Coca-Cola India

New Delhi, Sept 22, 2006

High Court of Kerala quashes the ban on Coca-Cola in Kerala

We are gratified that High Court of Kerala has set aside the illegal orders of the Government of Kerala and the State Food (Health) Authority dated August 10 and 11, 2006 respectively banning the manufacture and sale of Coca-Cola in the State.

This order protects the interests of big and small retailers, local entrepreneurs and employees which have been affected by this illegal ban. In response to the interests of consumers, we will immediately take necessary steps to make Coca-Cola available across the State of Kerala.

Coca-Cola India has always been completely confident of the safety of its soft drinks in India because they are produced to the same level of purity, regarding pesticides, as the EU criteria for bottled water (globally accepted as one of the most stringent in the world).

Earlier, Supreme Court of India in the Godavat Pan Masala Case had very clearly laid down that State Health Authorities has no power to issue such bans under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) other than in ‘emergent situations’ and that too for a temporary period after giving the affected party a hearing. Given the Supreme Court Judgment and the order of the Kerala High Court today, we hope that other State Governments will reconsider similar orders/advisories issued by them and abide by the law as interpreted by the Supreme Court of India.

The Judgment and order of the Kerala High Court was delivered by a Division Bench comprising Chief Justice V.K. Bali and Justice M. Ramachandran on the writ petition filed by Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd.

One World. One Quality System. One Coca-Cola. Is there anything safer for you to drink?

Dear Consumer,

From time to time you may hear baseless allegations about the safety of Coca-Cola. Our guarantee is that we’ve never compromised when it comes to the quality of our products. Not even a single drop. The Coca-Cola Company uses one quality system around the world, so your drink here is of the same quality as anywhere else in the world.

Your safety is paramount to us. That is why Coca-Cola and the materials used to make it undergo a total of more than 400 quality checks. All this to ensure that every sip of Coca-Cola that you take is as safe as it’s refreshing for you and meets all applicable Indian and international standards.

We thank you for your unshaken faith in us and would want you to celebrate the joys of all festivals with your delicious Thanda as always. Cheers!

For more facts, visit us at www.coca-colaindia.com

Coca-Cola’ and ‘Coke’ are the registered trademarks of The Coca-Cola Company. Contains no fruit. Contains added flavours.

Seeing is Believing. If you want a first hand experience of the process that goes into making of your favourite beverage, you can call us at 0124-2348617/8* or email us at indianhelpline@apac.ko.com and we would be happy to take you on a tour of our world class facilities.

Division Bench Kerala High Court Admits The Writ Petition of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt Ltd

  • Hon’ble High Court to hear the petition on September 11, 2006
  • Petition by the company is against the order of the Kerala Government banning the manufacture and sale of brand Coca-Cola in the state

The Division Bench of The Hon’ble High Court of Kerala comprising Chief Justice V.K. Bali and Justice R. Ramachandran today admitted the writ petition of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. In light of the urgency of the matter, the Division Bench posted the matter for final disposal on the first day after the court vacation, on September 11, 2006. The Court further ordered that no adjournments would be permitted.

We are completely confident in the safety of our soft drinks in India because they are produced to the same level of purity, regarding pesticides, as the EU criteria for bottled water (globally accepted as one of the most stringent in the world). Our soft drinks have been regularly tested and evaluated by the world renowned UK Government Laboratory, the Central Science Laboratories (CSL). On Monday August 14 the laboratory held a press conference in Delhi, announcing that all tests show that soft drinks from Coca-Cola India are below the EU criteria for pesticide residues in bottled water.

Statement from Coca-Cola

New Delhi, August 11, 2006

Coca-Cola India supports the Government in adoption of clear criteria for pesticide residues in soft drinks based on scientifically validated testing methods

We support the move by the Government of India to adopt clear criteria for pesticide residues in soft drinks, which are based on scientifically validated testing methods. We are already working with relevant government bodies in India to develop and finalize the criteria along with their associated testing protocols for pesticide residues in soft drinks.

We have the same uncompromising commitment to product safety and quality in our beverages in India that we offer around the world. Coca-Cola India has stringent standards for all of the ingredients used in its beverages. These standards are backed by analytical testing protocols for these ingredients, and we regularly audit all plants for compliance.

No detectable level of pesticides in Indian soft drinks when measured against strict EU criteria in independent lab study

In the meantime, Coca-Cola India measures its soft drinks against the European Union (EU) criteria for pesticide residues in bottled water (globally accepted as one of the most stringent in the world). Our soft drinks have been regularly tested and evaluated by a world renowned UK Government Laboratory, the Central Science Laboratories (CSL). All tests show that our soft drinks are below the EU criteria for pesticide residues in bottled water.

References

1. Soft Drinks Still Unsafe…. Centre for Science and Environment. Retrieved October 2, 2006 from http://www.cseindia.org/misc/cola-indepth/cola2006/cola_press2006.htm

2. The Coca-Cola Company Addresses Allegations Made About Our Business In India. Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved September 26, 2006 from http://www2.cocacola.com/presscenter/viewpoints_india_situation.html

3. Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola Welcome Indian Government’s Endorsement on Safety of Soft Drinks. Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved September 26, 2006 from http://www2.cocacola.com/presscenter/nr_20030821_india_safety_endorsement.html

4. The Coca-Cola Company Releases Test Results Confirming: The Safety of Soft Drinks in India. Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved September 26, 2006 from http://www.cocacolaindia.com/media/View_News_Release.asp?ReleaseId=175

5. Facts on Pesticide Allegations in India. Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved September 26, 2006 from http://www.coca-colaindia.com/quality/fact_sheet.asp

This case was prepared for inclusion in Sage Business Cases primarily as a basis for classroom discussion or self-study, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective management styles. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be an endorsement of any kind. This case is for scholarly, educational, or personal use only within your university, and cannot be forwarded outside the university or used for other commercial purposes.

2024 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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