Summary
Contents
Subject index
Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives is the groundbreaking, final text written by Albert Ellis, long considered the founder of cognitive behavioral therapies. The book provides students with supporting and contradictory evidence for the development of personality theories through time. Without condemning the founding theorists who came before him, Ellis builds on more than a century of psychological research to re-examine the theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler while taking an equally critical look at modern, research-based theories, including his own.
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Front Matter
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Chapters
- Chapter 1: The Study of Personality: Introduction
- Theories of Personality
- Plato
- Aristotle
- Descartes
- Machiavelli
- The Making of a Theory
- Personality: A Fuzzy Set
- Normal and Pathological Personalities
- Schools and Models of Personality
- Personality Assessment
- Traits, Typologies, and Character
- The Rational Emotive Behavioral Perspective
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 2: Historical Perspectives on Personality
- Psychology: A Discipline with Subdivisions
- The Birth of Psychology
- Personality Theory Timeline
- Late 1880s–1900
- 1901–1920
- 1921–1940
- 1941–1960
- 1961–1980
- 1981–2000+
- Schools of Thought in Psychology
- Structural Psychology
- Functional Psychology
- Empiricism/Associationism
- Psychoanalysis: The First Comprehensive Model of Personality
- Behaviorism
- Gestalt Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology
- Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behaviorism
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 3: Personality Research
- The Scientific Method
- Theoretical Research and Personality
- Reliability
- Validity
- Replication and Verification
- Approaches to the Study of Personality
- True Experiments
- Quasi-Experiments
- Correlational Studies
- Case and Epidemiological Studies
- Personality and Psychometric Tests
- Objective Personality Measures
- Projective Personality Measures
- Ethics in Personality Research
- The Milgram Study
- The Schachter-Singer Experiment
- Walster's Experiment with Self-Esteem
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 4: Freud and the Dynamic Unconscious
- Psychoanalysis: The First Comprehensive Theory of the Psyche
- The Beginning
- Freud's Early Career
- Collaboration with Breuer and the Beginnings of Psychoanalysis
- Brief Overview of Freudian Theory
- Conscious and Unconscious
- Freud's Topological and Pathological Model
- Shifting Boundaries
- Freud's Structural Model
- The Id
- The Ego
- The Superego
- Freud's View of Anxiety
- Mechanisms of EGO Defense
- Repression
- Regression
- Projection
- Introjection
- Intellectualization
- Rationalization
- Reaction Formation
- Sublimation
- Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development
- Oral Phase
- Anal Phase
- Phallic Phase
- Latency
- Genital Phase
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 5: Psychoanalysis in Theory and Practice
- Freud's Concept of Personality Types
- Oral Personalities
- Anal Personalities
- Phallic Personalities
- Genital Personalities
- Psychoanalytic Nosology
- Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
- First Phase: Establishing the Therapeutic Alliance
- Second Phase: Analyzing the Resistance
- Third Phase: Analyzing the Transference
- Late Stages of Psychoanalysis
- Risks of Psychoanalysis
- Critiques of Freud's Theories
- Is it Science?
- Challenging Freud's Model
- Implicit Learning
- Nonconscious Processes
- The Triune Brain
- A Network of Modules
- Reviewing the Concept of Repression
- Challenge to Psychosexual Stages
- The Oedipal Complex Examined
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 6: Freud's Followers
- Carl Gustav Jung
- Early Career
- Mandalas
- Concepts of Personality Structure
- Central Archetypes
- Jungian Psychotherapy
- Synchronicity and the Numinosum
- Jung's Legacy
- Experimental Testing
- Alfred Adler
- Theories
- The Significance of Birth Order
- Concept of Neurosis
- Adlerian Psychotherapy
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 7: Psychiatric and Medical Models
- Mental Illness in Western Medicine
- Classical Antiquity
- The Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period
- The Enlightenment and the Early Nineteenth Century
- Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders
- Physical Treatments for Mental Illness
- Shock Treatments
- Psychosurgery
- Personality and Body Type
- Kretschmer's Biotypology
- Sheldon's Somatotypes
- Challenges to the Medical Model
- Contemporary American Psychiatric Nosology: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
- The Road to DSM-I (1952)
- DSM-II (1968)
- DSM-III (1980) and DSM-III-R (1987)
- DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000)
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 8: The Neo-Freudians
- Breaking Away from Freud
- Basic Concepts of Ego Psychology
- Karen Horney
- Career
- Theory of Personality
- Harry Stack Sullivan
- Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry
- Theory of Cognition
- Erik Homburger Erikson
- Early Years
- Later Career
- Theory of Human Identity Formation
- Psychosocial Stages
- Heinz Kohut
- Culture and the Unconscious
- Erich Fromm
- Freedom and Psychological Conflicts
- Basic Human Needs
- Character Orientations
- Approach to Therapy
- Melanie Klein
- Postwar British Object Relations Theorists
- Otto Kernberg
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 9: Personality and Traits
- Preliminary Definitions
- Traits and Attitudes
- Do Traits Exist?
- The Person/Situation Debate
- Are Traits and Behavior the Same?
- Interactionism and Situation Choice
- Gordon W. Allport
- The Mature Personality
- Idiographic Research
- The Proprium
- Functional Autonomy
- Raymond Bernard Cattell
- Early Career
- Factor Analysis
- Theory of Personality
- Research Methods
- The 16 PF Questionnaire
- Contributions
- Hans Eysenck
- The Biological Basis of Eysenck's Factors
- The Five-Factor Theory
- The Big Five and Cross-Cultural Evidence
- Biological Basis of Traits
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 10: Behaviorist Views of Personality
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
- Classical Conditioning
- Edward L. Thorndike
- The Law of Effect
- The Law of Exercise
- John B. Watson
- Early Career
- Clinical Paradigm
- The Little Albert Experiment
- Theory of Personality
- Clark L. Hull
- Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner
- Operants, Respondents, and Reinforcers
- Reinforcers and Punishments
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- Downfall of Radical Behaviorism: Language
- Skinner's View of Personality
- John Dollard and Neal E. Miller
- Learning Theory
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
- Conflicts and Gradients
- The Stupidity-Misery Syndrome and Neurosis
- Personality Theory
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 11: Humanistic Views of Personality
- Humanistic Psychology—A “Third Force”
- Abraham Maslow
- Hierarchy of Needs
- Early Life and Career
- Self-Actualization
- Critiques of Maslow
- Gordon W. Allport
- Existential Psychology
- Binswanger and Boss
- Major Concepts in European Existential Psychology
- Rollo May
- Early Career
- Four Stages
- Major Concepts in May's Thought
- Existentialism and the Question of Free Will
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 12: Carl Rogers and Humanist Psychotherapy
- Early Career
- Major Concepts in Rogers's Psychology
- Personality and Phenomenology
- Phenomenal Field, Self, and Self-Concept
- Organismic Valuing and Conditions of Worth
- Actualizing Tendencies and Self-Actualization
- The Fully Functioning Person
- Principles of Rogerian Psychotherapy
- Conditions for Psychotherapeutic Change
- The Process of Rogerian Psychotherapy
- The Therapist's Attitudes
- Therapeutic Goals
- Interactions in Person-Centered Therapy
- Rogers and Personality Theory
- Research in and Critiques of Rogers's Work
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 13: Early Cognitive Views of Personality
- The Gestalt Psychologists
- Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy
- Isomorphism
- Optical Illusions
- Laws of Sensory Organization
- Kurt Lewin
- Solomon Asch
- George Kelly
- Early Career
- The Fundamental Postulate and Constructive Alternativism
- Eleven Corollaries
- Approach to Therapy
- Summary
- Gordon W. Allport
- The Social Dimension of Personality
- Individual and Common Traits
- Functional Autonomy
- The Proprium and Propriate Striving
- Summary
- Social Cognitive Views: Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura
- Julian Rotter
- Albert Bandura
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 14: Biology, Genetics, and the Evolution of Personality
- The Eugenics Movement
- Social Darwinism
- In the Courtroom: Buck v. Bell (1927)
- The Eugenics Record Office
- Birth Control and Eugenics
- The Cultural Rebound
- Edward Osborne Wilson
- Charles Darwin
- The Voyage of the Beagle
- Publication of the Origin of Species
- The Genetic Dimension of Evolution
- The Contributions of Lamarck and Mendel
- DNA and Genes
- Genetic Drift
- Sociobiology, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Natural Selection of Psychological Mechanisms
- Genes and Behavior
- Epigenetics and the Person
- Heritability
- Genetics of Traits in Other Species
- Evidence in Humans: Twins and Beyond
- Genetics of Personality
- Mapping the Brain for Personality Traits
- The Human Brain and Personality
- The Limbic System
- The Executive Region: The Cerebral Cortex
- Interactions with the Environment
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 15: Abnormal Personality and Personality Disorders
- The Spectrum of Personality Disorders
- What is a Personality Disorder?
- Personality Disorders According to DSM-IV
- The DSM-IV Diagnostic Process
- Diagnostic Subtypes
- Category Overlap
- Diagnostic Stability
- Dimensional and Factorial Diagnostic Models
- Causal Explanations of Personality Disorders
- Ego Psychology
- Object-Relations Theories
- Self Psychology
- Cognitive Perspectives on Personality Disorders
- Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy
- Early Career
- Concept of Schemas
- Cognitive Therapy in Clinical Practice
- Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- Innate Irrationality of Human Beings
- The Two Sources of Personality Disorders
- Arnold Lazarus and Multimodal Therapy
- Early Career
- Evolution of Multimodal Therapy
- Multimodal Therapy in Clinical Practice
- Biological and Genetic Models of Personality Disorders
- Developmental Factors
- Disorders of Attachment in Personality Disorders
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 16: Albert Ellis and the Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory of Personality
- Early Career
- Break with Psychoanalysis
- Going Public with RET
- The 1957 Outcome Study
- Ellis's Social and Philosophical Worldview
- Basic Theory of Personality
- Human Development
- Cognition and Traits
- Defense Mechanisms
- Hedonism and Human Appetites
- Humanism
- Free Will
- Ellis's View of the Person
- Social Constructionism
- Definitions: Beliefs, Personality, and Rationality
- Self-Talk and Personality Development
- Ego and Self
- Innate Irrationality
- The Confounding Factor of Personal History
- Irrational Beliefs
- Origins of Irrationality
- Some Specific Irrational Beliefs
- About Competence and Success
- About Love and Approval
- About Fairness
- About Safety and Comfort
- Ellis's ABC Model of Personality and Pathology
- The Role of Diagnosis and Testing
- Ellis's Method of Psychotherapy
- Excerpt of a Therapy Session with Albert Ellis
- Distinctive Features of REBT
- Absence of Self-Evaluation
- Secondary Problems
- Discomfort Disturbance versus EGO Disturbance
- Personality Change in REBT
- REBT Contrasted with Other Models
- Criticisms of Ellis and REBT
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter 17: Religious, New Age, and Traditional Approaches to Personality
- Traditional Medical Systems
- Ayurveda
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Japanese Therapies: Morita Therapy
- Japanese Therapies: Naikan
- Japanese Therapies: Research and Critique
- Native American Healing
- Religious Approaches to Personality: Christianity
- Origins
- Later Developments
- Research
- Critiques
- New Age Theories of Personality: The Enneagram
- Origins
- Theory of Personality
- Research
- Critiques
- Chapter Summary
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Back Matter
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