Exclusionary zoning refers to land use regulations that discriminate against some types of people, especially those with low incomes. Whereas all zoning exists to exclude specified land uses from certain areas, exclusionary zoning separates particular people from certain areas. Exclusionary zoning works to limit the amount and pace of residential development, thereby rendering housing in a local jurisdiction unaffordable for low-income residents (and even municipal workers such as teachers and firefighters). Zoning codes might also place outright bans on apartment complexes or other types of affordable housing. In the United States, where numerous suburban localities have used exclusionary zoning to stabilize [Page 261]community character and curtail demand for government services, excluding lower-income residents segregates racial and ethnic minorities within metropolitan areas. Whether such class and ...