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Spiro, Melford
Melford Spiro (1920–) is a psychological anthropologist best known for his work on the psychodynamics of cultural differences. One of the main interlocutors in debates surrounding cultural universalism and relativism in the mid-20th century, Spiro advocated for the presence of ...
- American Anthropologists and Anthropology
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- American Anthropological Association
- American Museum of Natural History
- Applied Anthropology
- Benedict, Ruth F.
- Binford, Lewis R.
- Bloomfield, Leonard
- Boas, Franz
- Bohannan, Paul
- Burke, Kenneth
- Butler, Judith
- Carneiro, Robert L.
- Chicago World's Columbian Exposition (1893)
- Chodorow, Nancy
- Chomsky, Noam
- Clifford, James
- Columbia University
- Culture Area Approach
- Du Bois, W. E. B.
- DuBois, Cora
- Dundes, Alan
- Fischer, Michael
- Foster, George M.
- Fried, Morton
- Geertz, Clifford
- Goffman, Erving
- Goldenweiser, Alexander A.
- Goodenough, Ward H.
- Greenberg, Joseph
- Gumperz, John J.
- Hall, Edward T.
- Hallowell, A. Irving
- Harris, Marvin
- Herskovitz, Melville
- Hurston, Zora Neale
- Hymes, Dell
- Jameson, Fredric
- Kardiner, Abram
- Kluckhohn, Clyde
- Kroeber, Alfred L.
- Labov, William
- Lamphere, Louise
- Leacock, Eleanor
- LeVine, Robert
- Lewis, Oscar
- Linton, Ralph
- Lounsbury, Floyd
- Lowie, Robert
- Marcus, George
- Mead, George Herbert
- Mead, Margaret
- Mintz, Sidney
- Morgan, Lewis Henry
- Murdock, George Peter
- Nader, Laura
- Nash, June
- Ortner, Sherry
- Parsons, Elsie C.
- Parsons, Talcott
- Pike, Kenneth
- Rabinow, Paul
- Radin, Paul
- Rappaport, Roy
- Redfield, Robert
- Rockefeller Foundation
- Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist
- Rosaldo, Renato
- Sahlins, Marshall
- Sanday, Peggy Reeves
- Sapir, Edward
- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy
- Schneider, David M.
- Service, Elman R.
- Smithsonian Institution
- Spiro, Melford
- Steward, Julian
- Swadesh, Morris
- Tax, Sol
- Tedlock, Barbara and Dennis
- Tyler, Stephen A.
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of Michigan
- Vayda, Andrew P.
- Veblen, Thorstein B.
- Wagley, Charles
- Wallace, Anthony F. C.
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- Wenner-Gren Foundation
- White, Leslie
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee
- Wilson, Edward O.
- Wolf, Eric
- Biological and/or Social Evolutionary Perspective
- Bastian, Adolf
- Carneiro, Robert L.
- Comparative Method
- Condorcet, Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat
- Cultural Transmission
- Darwin, Charles
- Dawkins, Richard
- Ethology, Human
- Evolutionary Anthropology
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Freud, Sigmund
- Fried, Morton
- Gene-Culture Coevolution
- Human Behavioral Ecology
- Human Universals
- Lubbock, John
- Müller, Max
- Maine, Henry James
- Malthus, Thomas R.
- McLennan, John
- Morgan, Lewis Henry
- Murdock, George Peter
- Pitt Rivers, Augustus Henry Lane Fox
- Service, Elman R.
- Smith, Grafton Elliot
- Spencer, Herbert
- Sperber, Dan
- Spiro, Melford
- Steward, Julian
- Tylor, Edward Burnett
- Wallace, Alfred R.
- Westermarck, Edward
- White, Leslie
- Wilson, Edward O.
- Wittfogel, Karl
- British and Commonwealth
- Bailey, Frederick G.
- Bateson, Gregory
- Cambridge University
- Darwin, Charles
- Dawkins, Richard
- Douglas, Mary
- Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
- Ferguson, Adam
- Firth, Raymond
- Fortes, Meyer
- Fortune, Reo
- Frazer, James G.
- Gluckman, Max
- Goody, Jack
- Great Exhibition of 1851 (Crystal Palace)
- Haddon, Alfred C.
- Harvey, David
- Hobbes, Thomas
- Hocart, Arthur M.
- Kuper, Hilda B.
- Leach, Edmund
- Lienhardt, Godfrey
- London School of Economics
- Lubbock, John
- Maine, Henry James
- Mair, Lucy
- Malinowski, Bronisław
- Malthus, Thomas R.
- Manchester School
- McLennan, John
- Needham, Rodney
- Oxford University
- Pitt Rivers, Augustus Henry Lane Fox
- Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
- Rhodes-Livingstone Institute
- Richards, Audrey
- Rivers, W. H. R.
- Royal Anthropological Institute
- Schapera, Isaac
- Seligman, Charles Gabriel
- Smith, Adam
- Smith, Grafton Elliot
- Smith, Neil
- Smith, William Robertson
- Spencer, Herbert
- Spencer, Walter Baldwin, and Francis James Gillen
- Strathern, Marilyn
- Turner, Victor W.
- Tylor, Edward Burnett
- Wallace, Alfred R.
- Wilson, Monica
- Concepts, Locations, Events, and Organizations
- Alliance-Descent Debate
- American Anthropological Association
- American Museum of Natural History
- Animism, Animatism
- Applied Anthropology
- Area Studies
- Autoethnography
- Biography/Life Writing
- Cambridge University
- Chicago World's Columbian Exposition (1893)
- Childhood
- Columbia University
- Communitas
- Comparative Method
- Cultural Relativism
- Cultural Transmission
- Deconstruction
- Descriptive Linguistics
- Ethnomethodology
- Ethography of Speaking
- Formalism/Substantivism
- Gender and Anthropology
- Gender Diversity
- Generative Grammar
- Gift Exchange
- Great Exhibition of 1851 (Crystal Palace)
- Habitus
- Human Relations Area Files, Cross Cultural Studies
- Humanistic Anthropology
- Institut d'Ethnologie (Paris)
- L'Année Sociologique
- London School of Economics
- Manchester School
- Mobility
- Modernism
- Musée de l'Homme
- Myth, Theories of
- Nationalism, Transnationalism
- Native Anthropology, Native Anthropologist
- Oxford University
- Prague School of Linguistics
- Public Sphere
- Race
- Religion
- Rhodes-Livingstone Institute
- Rites de Passage
- Rockefeller Foundation
- Royal Anthropological Institute
- Sacrifice
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Neo-Whorfianism
- Scapes
- Smithsonian Institution
- Social Studies of Science
- Soviet Anthropology
- Subjectivity
- Sustainability
- Thick Description
- Torres Straits Expedition
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of Michigan
- Urban Studies
- Utilitarianism
- Visual Anthropology
- Wenner-Gren Foundation
- Economic and Ecological Perspective
- Binford, Lewis R.
- Bloch, Maurice
- Bohannan, Paul
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Carneiro, Robert L.
- Condorcet, Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat
- Cultural Ecology
- Cultural Materialism
- Dependency Theory
- Economic Anthropology
- Fanon, Frantz
- Ferguson, Adam
- Formalism/Substantivism
- Fried, Morton
- Game Theory
- Gift Exchange
- Globalization Theory
- Godelier, Maurice
- Gramsci, Antonio
- Harris, Marvin
- Herskovits, Melville
- Human Behavioral Ecology
- Leacock, Eleanor
- Mair, Lucy
- Malinowski, Bronisław
- Malthus, Thomas R.
- Marx, Karl
- Marxist Anthropology
- Material Production, Theories of
- Mauss, Marcel
- Meillassoux, Claude
- Mintz, Sidney
- Morgan, Lewis Henry
- Nash, June
- Polanyi, Karl
- Political Economy
- Rappaport, Roy
- Rational Choice Theory
- Richards, Audrey
- Sahlins, Marshall
- Sanday, Peggy Reeves
- Scheper Hughes, Nancy
- Service, Elman R.
- Smith, Adam
- Smith, Neil
- Steward, Julian
- Structural Marxism
- Sustainability
- Systems Theory
- Tax, Sol
- Vayda, Andrew P.
- Veblen, Thorstein B.
- Wagley, Charles
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- Weber, Max
- White, Leslie
- Wittfogel, Karl
- Wolf, Eric
- World-Systems Theory
- Ethnography
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- Asad, Talal
- Bailey, Frederick G.
- Barth, Fredrik
- Bateson, Gregory
- Benedict, Ruth F.
- Boas, Franz
- Bohannan, Paul
- Douglas, Mary
- DuBois, Cora
- Dumont, Louis
- Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
- Face-to-Face Interaction
- Firth, Raymond
- Fortes, Meyer
- Fortune, Reo
- Foster, George M.
- Frobenius, Leo
- Geertz, Clifford
- Gluckman, Max
- Godelier, Maurice
- Goldenweiser, Alexander A.
- Goody, Jack
- Griaule, Marcel
- Haddon, Alfred C.
- Hallowell, A. Irving
- Herskovits, Melville
- Hocart, Arthur M.
- Hurston, Zora Neale
- Kluckhohn, Clyde
- Kroeber, Alfred L.
- Kuper, Hilda B.
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude
- Lafitau, Joseph-François
- Leach, Edmund
- Lewis, Oscar
- Lienhardt, Godfrey
- Lowie, Robert
- Mair, Lucy
- Malinowski, Bronisław
- Mead, Margaret
- Murdock, George Peter
- Parsons, Elsie C.
- Radin, Paul
- Redfield, Robert
- Richards, Audrey
- Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist
- Rosaldo, Renato
- Sanday, Peggy Reeves
- Schapera, Isaac
- Scheper Hughes, Nancy
- Seligman, Charles Gabriel
- Spencer, Walter Baldwin, and Francis James Gillen
- Spiro, Melford
- Srinivas, M. N.
- French
- Alliance-Descent Debate
- Althusser, Louis
- Barthes, Roland
- Bataille, Georges
- Baudrillard, Jean
- Bloch, Maurice
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Comte, Auguste
- Condorcet, Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari
- Derrida, Jacques
- Dumont, Louis
- Durkheim, Émile
- Foucault, Michel
- Geffray, Christian
- Gennep, Arnold van
- Girard, René
- Godelier, Maurice
- Griaule, Marcel
- Hertz, Robert
- Institut d'Ethnologie (Paris)
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude
- Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien
- Lacan, Jacques
- Lafitau, Joseph-François
- L'Année Sociologique
- Latour, Bruno
- Lyotard, Jean-François
- Mauss, Marcel
- Meillassoux, Claude
- Montesquieu, Comte de
- Musée de l'Homme
- Rivet, Paul
- Rouch, Jean
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- Sperber, Dan
- Voltaire
- Gender
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- Alliance-Descent Debate
- Butler, Judith
- Childhood
- Chodorow, Nancy
- Cultural Transmission
- Feminist Anthropology
- Gender and Anthropology
- Godelier, Maurice
- Hurston, Zora Neale
- Lacan, Jacques
- Lamphere, Louise
- Leacock, Eleanor
- Material Production, Theories of
- Mauss, Marcel
- Mead, Margaret
- Nash, June
- Ortner, Sherry
- Parsons, Elsie C.
- Queer Theory
- Race
- Religion
- Richards, Audrey
- Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist
- Sanday, Peggy Reeves
- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy
- Strathern, Marilyn
- Subaltern Studies
- Veblen, Thorstein B.
- Wolf, Eric
- German
- Globalization
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- Anderson, Benedict
- Appadurai, Arjun
- Applied Anthropology
- Area Studies
- Asad, Talal
- Barth, Fredrik
- Critical Theory
- Dependency Theory
- Economic Anthropology
- Fanon, Frantz
- Globalization Theory
- Harvey, David
- Jameson, Fredric
- Lamphere, Louise
- Marx, Karl
- Marxist Anthropology
- Mintz, Sidney
- Mobility
- Nash, June
- Nationalism; Transnationalism
- Polanyi, Karl
- Political Economy
- Postcolonial theory
- Race
- Sahlins, Marshall
- Said, Edward
- Scapes
- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy
- Smith, Neil
- Subaltern Studies
- Tambiah, Stanley
- Urban Studies
- Wagley, Charles
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- Wolf, Eric
- World-Systems Theory
- Linguistics
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M.
- Barthes, Roland
- Bloomfield, Leonard
- Chomsky, Noam
- Comparative Linguistics
- Descriptive Linguistics
- Ethnography of Speaking
- Face-to-Face Interaction
- Generative Grammar
- Goodenough, Ward H.
- Greenberg, Joseph
- Gumperz, John J.
- Hymes, Dell
- Jakobson, Roman O.
- Labov, William
- Lounsbury, Floyd
- Müller, Max
- Pike, Kenneth
- Prague School of Linguistics
- Rivet, Paul
- Sapir, Edward
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Neo-Whorfianism
- Saussure, Ferdinand de
- Semiotics
- Sociolinguistics
- Swadesh, Morris
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee
- Literary and Interpretive Perspective
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- Bailey, Frederick G.
- Bataille, Georges
- Benjamin, Walter
- Boas, Franz
- Burke, Kenneth
- Clifford, James
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari
- Derrida, Jacques
- Douglas, Mary
- Du Bois, W. E. B.
- Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
- Fortes, Meyer
- Foster, George M.
- Foucault, Michel
- Frankfurt School
- Frazer, James G.
- Frobenius, Leo
- Geertz, Clifford
- Geffray, Christian
- Gennep, Arnold van
- Gluckman, Max
- Goldenweiser, Alexander A.
- Goody, Jack
- Graebner, Fritz
- Griaule, Marcel
- Hallowell, A. Irving
- Humanistic Anthropology
- Hurston, Zora Neale
- Hymes, Dell
- Jameson, Fredric
- Kluckhohn, Clyde
- Kroeber, Alfred L.
- Kuper, Hilda B.
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude
- Leach, Edmund
- Lewis, Oscar
- Lienhardt, Godfrey
- Lounsbury, Floyd
- Lowie, Robert
- Müller, Max
- Nader, Laura
- Needham, Rodney
- Neo-Boasianism
- Ortner, Sherry
- Phenomenology
- Postmodernism
- Practice Theory
- Rabinow, Paul
- Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
- Radin, Paul
- Redfield, Robert
- Rouch, Jean
- Sahlins, Marshall
- Said, Edward
- Sapir, Edward
- Schneider, David M.
- Semiotics
- Smith, William Robertson
- Srinivas, M. N.
- Strathern, Marilyn
- Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Tambiah, Stanley
- Tedlock, Barbara and Dennis
- Thick Description
- Turner, Victor W.
- Voltaire
- Wallace, Anthony F. C.
- Wilson, Monica
- Marxist and Neo-Marxist Perspective
- Althusser, Louis
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M.
- Baudrillard, Jean
- Benjamin, Walter
- Bloch, Maurice
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Critical Theory
- Dependency Theory
- Fanon, Frantz
- Frankfurt School
- Godelier, Maurice
- Gramsci, Antonio
- Harvey, David
- Jameson, Fredric
- Lacan, Jacques
- Latour, Bruno
- Leacock, Eleanor
- Lyotard, Jean-François
- Marx, Karl
- Marxist Anthropology
- Material Production, Theories of
- Meillassoux, Claude
- Mintz, Sidney
- Smith, Neil
- Structural Marxism
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- White, Leslie
- Wittfogel, Karl
- Wolf, Eric
- Nineteenth Century and Earlier
- Animism, Animatism
- Aristotle
- Bachofen, Johann J.
- Bastian, Adolf
- Comparative Method
- Comte, Auguste
- Condorcet, Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat
- Darwin, Charles
- Ferguson, Adam
- Frazer, James G.
- Great Exhibition of 1851 (Crystal Palace)
- Haddon, Alfred C.
- Hegel, Georg W. F.
- Hobbes, Thomas
- Lafitau, Joseph-François
- Lubbock, John
- Müller, Max
- Maine, Henry James
- Malthus, Thomas R.
- Marx, Karl
- McLennan, John
- Montesquieu, Comte de
- Morgan, Lewis Henry
- Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Anthropology
- Pitt Rivers, Augustus Henry Lane Fox
- Plato
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- Smith, Adam
- Smith, William Robertson
- Spencer, Herbert
- Torres Straits Expedition
- Tylor, Edward Burnett
- Voltaire
- Wallace, Alfred R.
- Wundt, Wilhelm
- Other National Traditions
- Anderson, Benedict
- Appadurai, Arjun
- Asad, Talal
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M.
- Barth, Fredrik
- Fanon, Frantz
- Freud, Sigmund
- Gramsci, Antonio
- Jakobson, Roman O.
- Polanyi, Karl
- Popper, Karl
- Prague School of Linguistics
- Róheim, Géza
- Said, Edward
- Saussure, Ferdinand de
- Soviet Anthropology
- Srinivas, M. N.
- Tambiah, Stanley
- Westermarck, Edward
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Philosophers and Philosophies
- Aristotle
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M.
- Barthes, Roland
- Bataille, Georges
- Baudrillard, Jean
- Burke, Kenneth
- Comte, Auguste
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari
- Derrida, Jacques
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg
- Habermas, Jürgen
- Hegel, Georg W. F.
- Hobbes, Thomas
- Husserl, Edmund
- Latour, Bruno
- Lyotard, Jean-François
- Marx, Karl
- Mead, George Herbert
- Montesquieu, Comte de
- Plato
- Popper, Karl
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- Simmel, Georg
- Smith, Adam
- Spencer, Herbert
- Utilitarianism
- Veblen, Thorstein B.
- Voltaire
- Weber, Max
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Postmodern Perspective
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- Anderson, Benedict
- Asad, Talal
- Autoethnography
- Barth, Fredrik
- Barthes, Roland
- Baudrillard, Jean
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Burke, Kenneth
- Clifford, James
- Critical Theory
- Deconstruction
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari
- Derrida, Jacques
- Discourse Theory
- Fischer, Michael
- Foucault, Michel
- Geertz, Clifford
- Girard, René
- Jameson, Fredric
- Lacan, Jacques
- Latour, Bruno
- Lyotard, Jean-François
- Marcus, George
- Postmodernism
- Poststructuralism
- Practice Theory
- Rabinow, Paul
- Rosaldo, Renato
- Said, Edward
- Scapes
- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy
- Strathern, Marilyn
- Tedlock, Barbara and Dennis
- Tyler, Stephen A.
- Psychological and Sociological Perspective
- Bateson, Gregory
- Benedict, Ruth
- Chodorow, Nancy
- DuBois, Cora
- Dumont, Louis
- Dundes, Alan
- Durkheim, Émile
- Fanon, Frantz
- Fortune, Reo
- Freud, Sigmund
- Girard, René
- Goffman, Erving
- Hall, Edward T.
- Hertz, Robert
- Kardiner, Abram
- Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien
- Lacan, Jacques
- L'Année Sociologique
- LeVine, Robert
- Linton, Ralph
- Malinowski, Bronisław
- Mauss, Marcel
- Mead, Margaret
- Parsons, Talcott
- Róheim, Géza
- Rivers, W. H. R.
- Weber, Max
- Westermarck, Edward
- Wundt, Wilhelm
- Theoretical Approaches
- Alliance-Descent Debate
- Cognitive Anthropology
- Comparative Linguistics
- Critical Theory
- Cultural Ecology
- Cultural Materialism
- Culture and Personality
- Culture Area Approach
- Dependency Theory
- Diffusionism, Hyperdiffusionism, Kulturkreise
- Discourse Theory
- Economic Anthropology
- Ethnohistory
- Ethnoscience; New Ethnography
- Ethology, Human
- Evolutionary Anthropology
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Face-to-Face Interaction
- Feminist Anthropology
- Game Theory
- Gene-Culture Coevolution
- Globalization Theory
- Hermeneutics
- Historical Particularism
- Human Behavioral Ecology
- Human Universals
- Marxist Anthropology
- Material Production, Theories of
- Neo-Boasianism
- Neo-Kantianism
- Network Theory/Social Network Analysis
- Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Anthropology
- Phenomenology
- Political Economy
- Postcolonial Theory
- Postmodernism
- Poststructuralism
- Practice Theory
- Psychological Anthropology
- Queer Theory
- Rational Choice Theory
- Semiotics
- Social Constructionism
- Sociolinguistics
- Structural Functionalism
- Structural Marxism
- Structuralism
- Subaltern Studies
- Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Systems Theory
- World-Systems Theory
- Theorists
- Abu-Lughod, Lila
- Althusser, Louis
- Anderson, Benedict
- Appadurai, Arjun
- Asad, Talal
- Bachofen, Johann J.
- Bailey, Frederick G.
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M.
- Barth, Fredrik
- Barthes, Roland
- Bastian, Adolf
- Bataille, Georges
- Bateson, Gregory
- Baudrillard, Jean
- Benedict, Ruth F.
- Benjamin, Walter
- Binford, Lewis R.
- Bloch, Maurice
- Bloomfield, Leonard
- Boas, Franz
- Bohannan, Paul
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Burke, Kenneth
- Butler, Judith
- Carneiro, Robert L.
- Chodorow, Nancy
- Chomsky, Noam
- Clifford, James
- Comte, Auguste
- Condorcet, Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat
- Darwin, Charles
- Dawkins, Richard
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari
- Derrida, Jacques
- Douglas, Mary
- Du Bois, W. E. B.
- DuBois, Cora
- Dumont, Louis
- Dundes, Alan
- Durkheim, Émile
- Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
- Fanon, Frantz
- Ferguson, Adam
- Firth, Raymond
- Fischer, Michael
- Fortes, Meyer
- Fortune, Reo
- Foster, George M.
- Foucault, Michel
- Frazer, James G.
- Freud, Sigmund
- Fried, Morton
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg
- Geertz, Clifford
- Geffray, Christian
- Gennep, Arnold van
- Girard, René
- Gluckman, Max
- Godelier, Maurice
- Goffman, Erving
- Goldenweiser, Alexander A.
- Goodenough, Ward H.
- Goody, Jack
- Graebner, Fritz
- Gramsci, Antonio
- Greenberg, Joseph
- Griaule, Marcel
- Gumperz, John J.
- Habermas, Jürgen
- Haddon, Alfred C.
- Hall, Edward T.
- Hallowell, A. Irving
- Harris, Marvin
- Harvey, David
- Hegel, Georg W. F.
- Herskovits, Melville
- Hertz, Robert
- Hobbes, Thomas
- Hocart, Arthur M.
- Hurston, Zora Neale
- Husserl, Edmund
- Hymes, Dell
- Jakobson, Roman O.
- Jameson, Fredric
- Kardiner, Abram
- Kluckhohn, Clyde
- Kroeber, Alfred L.
- Kuper, Hilda B.
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude
- Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien
- Labov, William
- Lacan, Jacques
- Lafitau, Joseph-François
- Lamphere, Louise
- Latour, Bruno
- Leach, Edmund
- Leacock, Eleanor
- LeVine, Robert
- Lewis, Oscar
- Lienhardt, Godfrey
- Linton, Ralph
- Lounsbury, Floyd
- Lowie, Robert
- Lubbock, John
- Lyotard, Jean-François
- Müller, Max
- Maine, Henry James
- Mair, Lucy
- Malinowski, Bronisław
- Malthus, Thomas R.
- Marcus, George
- Marx, Karl
- Mauss, Marcel
- McLennan, John
- Mead, George Herbert
- Mead, Margaret
- Meillassoux, Claude
- Mintz, Sidney
- Montesquieu, Comte de
- Morgan, Lewis Henry
- Murdock, George Peter
- Nader, Laura
- Nash, June
- Needham, Rodney
- Ortner, Sherry
- Parsons, Elsie C.
- Parsons, Talcott
- Pike, Kenneth
- Pitt Rivers, Augustus Henry Lane Fox
- Plato
- Polanyi, Karl
- Popper, Karl
- Róheim, Géza
- Rabinow, Paul
- Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
- Radin, Paul
- Rappaport, Roy
- Redfield, Robert
- Richards, Audrey
- Rivers, W. H. R.
- Rivet, Paul
- Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist
- Rosaldo, Renato
- Rouch, Jean
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- Sahlins, Marshall
- Said, Edward
- Sanday, Peggy Reeves
- Sapir, Edward
- Saussure, Ferdinand de
- Schapera, Isaac
- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy
- Schneider, David M.
- Seligman, Charles Gabriel
- Service, Elman R.
- Simmel, Georg
- Smith, Adam
- Smith, Grafton Elliot
- Smith, Neil
- Smith, William Robertson
- Spencer, Herbert
- Spencer, Walter Baldwin, and Francis James Gillen
- Sperber, Dan
- Spiro, Melford
- Srinivas, M. N.
- Steward, Julian
- Strathern, Marilyn
- Swadesh, Morris
- Tambiah, Stanley
- Tax, Sol
- Tedlock, Barbara and Dennis
- Turner, Victor W.
- Tyler, Stephen A.
- Tylor, Edward Burnett
- Vayda, Andrew P.
- Veblen, Thorstein B.
- Voltaire
- Wagley, Charles
- Wallace, Alfred R.
- Wallace, Anthony F. C.
- Wallerstein, Immanuel
- Weber, Max
- Westermarck, Edward
- White, Leslie
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee
- Wilson, Edward O.
- Wilson, Monica
- Wittfogel, Karl
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Wolf, Eric
- Wundt, Wilhelm
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