- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Punishment
The perception of music as an uplifting and enlightening art form has overshadowed the associations of music with punishment, though the latter has been encountered across historical periods and geographical areas. As of 2018, recent decades have witnessed a turn in research exploring darker uses ...
- Activities of Making Music
- Behavioral, Social, and Performance Contexts of Music
- Audiences
- Ballroom
- Behavioral and Social Contexts
- Céilidh
- Celebration
- Commemoration
- Competition in Music
- Concert Stage
- Dance Events
- Education
- Epics, Music and; Epic Song
- Exposition
- Festivals
- Funeral Music
- Gaming Music
- Karaoke
- Media
- Migration
- Music Industry
- Radio
- Reconciliation
- Religion, Music in
- Ritual
- Roles
- Rural Space and the Rural Imaginary
- Shamanism, Music and
- Sound Recording
- Soundscapes
- Sports
- Television
- Theater, Music as
- Therapy
- Tourism and Music
- Trance
- Urban
- Virtual Performance
- War, Music and
- Weddings
- Work Song
- Worship
- YouTube
- Instruments, Musical
- Classification, Vernacular and Ethnic
- Collections (Major Instrument Collections of the World)
- Electronic Music
- Ensemble
- Iconography, Music and
- Musical Instruments, Academic Classification of
- Musical Instruments, an Overview
- Musical Instruments, Construction of
- Myths about Musical Instruments
- Organology
- Roles
- Sound Ideal
- Symbolic Associations
- Instruments, Types of
- Aerophones, an Overview
- Aerophones, Edge-Blown
- Aerophones, Lip-Vibrated
- Aerophones, Reed
- Chordophones, an Overview
- Chordophones: Fiddles
- Chordophones: Harps and Lyres
- Chordophones: Lutes
- Chordophones: Musical Bows
- Chordophones: Zithers
- Electronic Music
- Idiophones, an Overview
- Idiophones: Concussion Instruments
- Idiophones: Friction Instruments
- Idiophones: Plucked Instruments
- Idiophones: Scraped Instruments
- Idiophones: Shaken Instruments
- Idiophones: Stamping Instruments
- Idiophones: Struck Instruments
- Membranophones
- Metallophones
- Percussion
- Social and Cultural Movements
- British Invasion
- Candomblé
- Capitalism
- Christianity
- Civil Rights
- Colonialism
- Commodification
- Confucianism
- Diaspora
- Dissent, Resistance, and Music of Social Protest
- First Peoples
- Hinduism
- Human Rights, Music and
- Indigenous Rights
- Islam
- Jazz as a Movement
- Judaism
- Mormonism
- Native American Music
- Popular Music, as a Movement
- Protest Music
- Rastafarianism
- Rebellion
- Roots Music
- Santeria
- Shinto
- Sikhism
- Social Movements
- Spiritualism and Spiritism
- Sufism
- Music Cultures of the World Africa
- Africa, Central
- Africa, Indigenous Music, Ancestral and Contemporary Practices
- Africa, North
- Africa, Southeast
- Africa, Southeast: Rift Valley
- Africa, Southeast: The Horn
- Africa, Southern
- Africa, Sub-Saharan
- Africa, West
- Africa, West: Guinea
- Africa, West: Sahel
- Algeria: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Algeria: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Angola: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Angola: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Arabic Music
- Benin: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Botswana: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Botswana: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Côte d’Ivoire: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Côte D’Ivoire: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Cameroon: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Central African Republic: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Chad: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Chad: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Congo, Democratic Republic of: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Egypt: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Egypt: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Equatorial Guinea: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Eritrea: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Eritrea: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Ethiopia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Ethiopia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Gambia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Gambia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Ghana: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Ghana: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Guinea, Republic of: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Guinea, Republic of: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Guinea-Bissau: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Guinea-Bissau: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Kenya: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Kenya: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Lesotho: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Lesotho: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Lesotho: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Libya: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Libya: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Madagascar: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Madagascar: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Malawi: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Malawi: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Mali: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Mali: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Mauritania: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Mauritania: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Morocco: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Morocco: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Mozambique: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Mozambique: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Niger: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Niger: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Nigeria: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Nigeria: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Senegal: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Senegal: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Sierra Leone: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Sierra Leone: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Somalia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Somalia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- South Africa: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- South Africa: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- South Sudan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- South Sudan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Swaziland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Swaziland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Tanzania: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Tanzania: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Togo: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Togo: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Tunisia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Tunisia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Uganda: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Uganda: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Western Sahara: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Western Sahara: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Zambia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Zambia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Zimbabwe: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Zimbabwe: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Americas
- America, North
- America, South
- Americas
- Americas, Caribbean Insular
- Arctic and Subarctic America
- Argentina: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Argentina: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Belize: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Belize: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Bolivia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Bolivia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Brazil: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Brazil: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Canada: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Canada: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Chile: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Colombia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Colombia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Costa Rica: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Costa Rica: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Cuba: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Cuba: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Dominican Republic: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Dominican Republic: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Ecuador: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Ecuador: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- El Salvador: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- El Salvador: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Guatemala: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Guatemala: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Haiti: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Haiti: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice Hawaiian Music
- Mexico: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Mexico: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Native American Music
- Nicaragua: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Nicaragua: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Panama: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Panama: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Paraguay: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Paraguay: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Peru: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Peru: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Puerto Rico: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Puerto Rico: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Suriname
- Trinidad and Tobago: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Trinidad and Tobago: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- United States: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- United States: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Uruguay: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Uruguay: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Venezuela: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Venezuela: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Asia
- Afghanistan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Afghanistan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Asia, an Overview
- Asia, Central and East
- Asia, South: Indian Subcontinent
- Asia, Southeast
- Azerbaijan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Azerbaijan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Bangladesh: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Bangladesh: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Borneo: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Burma/Myanmar: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Burma/Myanmar: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Cambodia and the Khmer People: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Cambodia and the Khmer People: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- China: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- China: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- India: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- India: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Indonesia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Indonesia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Iran: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Iran: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Japan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Japan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Kazakhstan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Kazakhstan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Korea: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Korea: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Laos: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Laos: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Malaysia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Malaysia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Mongols
- Mongolia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Nepal: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Nepal: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Pakistan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Pakistan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Philippines: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Philippines: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Russia and Central Asia: Indigenous Music; Ancestral and Contemporary Practices
- Sarawak: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Singapore: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Singapore: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Tajikistan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Tajikistan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Thailand: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Thailand: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Tibet and Tibetans
- Turkmenistan
- Tuva: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Uzbekistan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Uzbekistan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Vietnam: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Vietnam: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Middle East
- Arabic Music
- Asia, Middle East
- Cyprus: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Cyprus: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Egypt: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Egypt: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Iran: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Iran: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Israel: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Israel: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Jordan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Jordan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Kuwait: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Kuwait: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Lebanon: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Lebanon: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Oman
- Palestine: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Palestine: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Qatar: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Qatar: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Saudi Arabia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Saudi Arabia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Syria: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Syria: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Turkey: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Turkey: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Yemen: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Yemen: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Oceania and Australasia
- Aotearoa: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Aotearoa: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Australia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Australia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Hawaiian Music
- Indonesia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Indonesia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Melanesia
- Micronesia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Micronesia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Oceania
- Papua New Guinea: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Papua New Guinea: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Polynesia
- Sumatra
- Europe
- Albania: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Albania: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Armenia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Armenia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Austria: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Austria: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Azerbaijan: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Azerbaijan: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Belarus: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Belgium: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Belgium: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Bulgaria: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Croatia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Croatia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Cyprus: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Cyprus: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Czech Republic: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Czech Republic: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- England: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- England: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Estonia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Europe
- Europe, British Isles
- Europe, Central
- Europe, Eastern
- Europe, Southeastern
- Europe, Western
- Finland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Finland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- France: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- France: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Georgia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Georgia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Germany: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Germany: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Greece: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Greece: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Hungary: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Hungary: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Iceland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Iceland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Ireland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Ireland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Italy: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Italy: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Kosovo: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Kosovo: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Latvia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Latvia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Macedonia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Macedonia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Moldova: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Moldova: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Montenegro: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Montenegro: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Netherlands: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Netherlands: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Norway: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Poland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Poland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Portugal: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Portugal: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Romani Music
- Romania: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Romania: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Russia and Central Asia, an Overview
- Russia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Russia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Scotland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Scotland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Serbia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Serbia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Slovakia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Slovakia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Slovenia: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Slovenia: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Spain: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Spain: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Sweden: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Sweden: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Switzerland: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Switzerland: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Ukraine: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Ukraine: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Wales: History, Culture, and Geography of Music
- Wales: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice
- Indigenous Music
- Practice in Ethnomusicology
- Acoustic Ecology
- Archiving
- Audio Recording
- Bimusicality
- Biography and Autobiography
- Cantometrics
- Cognitive Ethnomusicology
- Comparative Musicology
- Computer-Aided Research
- Cultural Anthropology
- Cultural Musicology
- Cultural Programming
- Cultural Studies
- Documentaries
- Ecomusicology
- Ethnochoreology
- Ethnographic Film
- Ethnography, Musical
- Ethnomusicology as a Profession
- Ethnomusicology, Applied
- Ethnomusicology, History of
- Ethnomusicology, Issues in
- Ethnopoetics
- Ethnotheory
- Field Recordings
- Fieldwork
- Folklore
- Gender Studies and Music
- Historical Ethnomusicology
- Laboratory Site and Techniques
- Law and Public Policy
- Librarianship
- Medical Ethnomusicology
- Merriam’s Model
- Museums
- Oral History
- Organology
- Participant Observation
- Public-Sector Ethnomusicology
- Research
- Sociomusicology
- Soundscapes
- Spoken Word
- Transcription
- Video Recording
- Writing Ethnomusicology
- Zoomusicology
- Social Issues
- Acculturation
- Advocacy
- Agency
- Appropriation
- Assimilation
- Authenticity
- Body and Embodiment
- Borders
- Capitalism
- Caste
- Censorship
- Civil Rights
- Class
- Collective Action
- Colonial and Postcolonial Studies
- Commemoration
- Commodification
- Conflict
- Cosmology and Mythology
- Cultural Anthropology
- Cultural Studies
- Dissent, Resistance, and Music of Social Protest
- DJ Culture
- Education
- Emotion
- Enculturation
- Endangered Musics
- Ethics
- Ethnicity, Music and
- Ethnocentrism
- Evolution of Music
- Exotic; Exoticism
- Exposition
- Folklore
- Function and Functionalism
- Gender Studies and Music
- Generation
- Globalization
- Government
- Habitus
- Hegemony, Music and
- Hermeneutics, Music and
- Human Rights, Music and
- Hybridity
- Identity, Music and
- Ideology
- Imagined Communities
- Immigrant and Refugee Studies
- Intellectual Property
- Internet
- Invented Tradition
- Isolation
- Language Renewal, Music and
- Law and Public Policy
- Local Music
- Meaning and Metaphor
- Memory
- Migration
- Modernity
- Multicultural Education
- Music Industry
- Nationalism
- Orientalism
- Origins of Music
- Patronage
- Politics and Music
- Postmodernism
- Poverty
- Protest Music
- Public Policy
- Punishment
- Reception
- Repatriation
- Research
- Revival
- Rural Space and the Rural Imaginary
- Sexuality, Social Sciences, and Music
- Slavery and Music
- Social Movements
- Sociology of Music
- Space and Place
- Spiritualism and Spiritism
- Spirituality
- Status
- Stereotype
- Subculture
- Sustainability
- Tourism and Music
- Tradition
- Traditional
- Transmission
- Transnationalism
- Universals
- Urbanization (Urbanism)
- Violence
- Women and Music
- Religion and Music
- Social Structures Dispersed Across Geographic Locations
- Theory and Method
- Acoustic Ecology
- Acoustics
- Aesthetics
- Analysis of Music
- Archaeomusicology
- Art-Folk Continuum
- Assimilation
- Authenticity
- Bimusicality
- Body and Embodiment
- Cantometrics
- Change and Transformation
- Classification, Vernacular and Ethnic
- Composition
- Development
- Diffusion
- Ecomusicology
- Emic/Etic
- Endangered Musics
- Ethnicity, Music and
- Ethnopoetics
- Ethnotheory
- Exposition
- Fieldwork
- Folklore
- Form: Formal Structures of Music Composition
- Function and Functionalism
- Gender Studies and Music
- Habitus
- Harmony
- Hermeneutics, Music and
- Iconography, Music and
- Imagination
- Individual Profiles
- Intellectual Property
- Invented Tradition
- Laboratory Site and Techniques
- Language Renewal, Music and
- Language, Music and
- Maqām
- Merriam’s Model
- Modes and Scales
- Movement
- Multipart Music
- Music, Definitions of
- Narrative, in Musical Form and Performance
- Network Systems Analysis
- Notation
- Oral History
- Organology
- Orientalism
- Origins of Music
- Performance Practice
- Performance Studies
- Phenomenology
- Philosophy and Music
- Pitch and Tuning Systems
- Poetry and Music
- Politics and Music
- Postmodernism
- Proverbs and Music
- Psychology, Music and
- Queer Theory
- Reception
- Repertoire
- Representation
- Rhythm and Meter
- Ritual
- Schizophonia
- Semiotics
- Sound Ideal
- Soundscapes
- Space and Place
- Speech Tone
- Spoken Word
- Style and Technique
- Subculture
- Symbolic Associations
- Symbolism
- Technoculture
- Technology
- Textual Studies
- Texture, Musical
- Theory, Music
- Timbral Analysis
- Time
- Transcription
- Translation
- Tune Families
- Urbanization (Urbanism)
- Virtual Performance
- Vocables, Singing
- Zoomusicology
- Types of Music
- Art Music
- Avant-Garde Music
- Ballads
- Band Music
- Chant
- Children’s Music
- Choral Music
- Classical Music
- Commercial Music
- Country Music
- Dance
- Drinking Songs
- Epics, Music and; Epic Song
- Film Music
- Folk Music
- Funeral Music
- Humor
- Hymns
- Lament
- Liturgical Music
- Love Songs
- Lullabies
- Multipart Music
- Popular Music, as a Movement
- Praise Song
- Protest Music
- Rural Space and the Rural Imaginary
- Shamanism, Music and
- Street Music
- Theatre, Music as
- Therapy
- Trance
- Underground Music
- Urban (Urbanism)
- Weddings
- Work Song
- Genres, Regionally Generated Style Types of Wide Circulation
- Afrobeat
- Ambient
- Andean Folk
- Arabic Music
- Ballet
- Ballroom
- Bhangra
- Bluegrass
- Blues
- Bollywood
- Cajun Music
- Candomblé
- Celtic Music
- Country and Western
- Darkwave
- Disco
- Electronic Music
- Emo
- Europop
- Fado
- Fusion
- Gospel Music
- Goth
- Heavy Metal
- Highlife
- Jazz as Genre
- Karaoke
- Klezmer
- Latin Music
- Marching Band
- Mariachi
- Musicals
- Muzak
- New Age Music
- Opera
- Rock
- Romani Music
- Soul Music
- Western Art Music
- World Beat
- World Music
- Genres, Forms, and Rhythms
- Anasheed
- Arabesk
- Axé Music
- Bachata
- Ballad Opera
- Ballads
- Banda
- Bossa Nova
- Capoeira
- Choro
- Corrido
- Cumbia
- Dubstep
- Fado
- Flamenco
- Ghazal
- Hip-Hop
- Jo-Ha-Kyu
- Kizomba
- Maqām
- Merengue
- Musicals
- Muwashah
- Nueva Canción
- Polka
- Qawwali
- Ragtime
- Rap
- Reggae
- Reguetón
- Rhythm ’n’ Blues
- Rock
- Rumba
- Salsa
- Samba
- Semba Music and Dance
- Ska
- Soca
- Soul Music
- Tango
- Waltz
- Zydeco
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