- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Reinforcement
The concept of reinforcement is crucial to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals. It refers to the increases and decreases in behavior that occur as a result of contingencies between different activities and different phylogenetically important events. Historically, it ...
- Cognition
- Attention
- Cognition and Language
- Cognitive Illusions
- Creativity
- Embodied Cognition
- Embodied Grounding
- Exceptional Memory and Expertise
- Extended Mind
- Failure of Memory
- Gender and Cognition
- Heuristics for Memory and Decision Making
- Human Information Processing
- Knowledge
- Long-Term Memory: Processes
- Long-Term Memory: Structures
- Memory as Reconstructive
- Motivation and Cognition
- Nonvisual Memory
- Perception and Cognition
- Problem Solving
- Reasoning and Decision Making
- Short-Term and Working Memory
- Working Memory, Improvement of
- Consciousness
- Animal Consciousness
- Brain and Consciousness
- Consciousness and the Unconscious
- Consciousness, Categories of
- Consciousness, Disorders of
- Consciousness, Functions of
- Consciousness, Origins of
- Dreams
- Heightened Consciousness
- Hypnosis
- Meditation and Relaxation
- Sleep Disorders
- Sleep Stages and States
- Sleep: Functions
- Culture
- Cross-Cultural Methods of Research
- Cultural Evolution
- Cultural Psychology
- Culture and Cognition
- Culture and Development
- Culture and Personality
- Culture and Psychopathology
- Culture and Social Relations
- Culture and the Dialogical Self
- Culture, Origins of
- Emotion and Culture
- Gender and Culture
- Language, Interaction, and Culture
- Motivation and Culture
- Perception and Culture
- Social Construction
- Development
- Adolescent Development, Theories of
- Adulthood
- Behavioral Development
- Childhood
- Cognitive Development
- Epigenetics
- Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Hermeneutics and Developmental Psychology
- Kohlberg, Lawrence
- Language and Development
- Moral Development
- Motor Development
- Nature Versus Nurture
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Perceptual Development
- Personality Development
- Piaget’s and the Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development
- Play
- Prenatal Development
- Emotion
- Ekman’s Theory of Basic Emotions
- Emotion and Culture
- Emotion and Motivation
- Emotion and Scientific Reasoning
- Emotion, Detection of
- Emotion, Evolution of
- Emotion, Expression of
- Emotion, Theories of
- Emotional Disorders
- Emotional Intelligence
- Emotions, Universality of
- Morality and Moral Emotions
- Passion
- Social Emotions
- Evolution
- Aggression and Violence
- Cognitive Evolution
- Cooperation
- Darwin, Charles
- Evolutionary Psychological Perspectives on Human Nature, Critical Evaluation of
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Group Selection
- Hamilton, W. D.
- Human Nature
- Mating Strategy Evolution and Development
- Natural Selection
- Parent-Offspring Relations
- Sexual Selection
- Gender
- Health
- Addiction
- Behavioral Health
- Chronic Illness, Psychological Aspects of
- Coping Strategies
- Health Psychology
- Objectivity in Diagnosis
- Positive Psychology and Human Frailty
- Psychological Wellness and Well-Being
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychopathology and Stress
- Psychosocial Factors and Cancer
- Social Factors in Health
- Stress and Gender
- Stress and Resilience to Life Challenge
- Stress Syndromes
- Stressors and Stress
- Intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence
- Binet’s Tests
- Brain and Intelligence
- Flynn Effect
- Intellectual Disability
- Intelligence and Individualism
- Intelligence and Schooling
- Intelligence Testing
- Intelligence Testing and Ethnicity
- Intelligence, Environmental Influences on
- Intelligence, Evolution of
- Intelligence, Heritability of
- Measurement of Intelligence
- Multiple Intelligences
- Triarchic Intelligence
- Language
- Cognition and Language
- Concepts and Language
- Gender and Language
- Grammar, Psychology of
- Language Development
- Language Disorders
- Language, Evolution of
- Language, Interaction, and Culture
- Perception and Language
- Phonology
- Pinker on Language
- Psycholinguistics
- Reading Process, Models of
- Semantics, Psychology of
- Syntax, Psychology of
- Verbal Behavior
- Learning
- Motivation
- Achievement Motivation
- Drive and Motivation in the Brain
- Eating and Drinking
- Emotion and Motivation
- General Aggression Model
- Habits
- Homeostasis
- Human Agency
- Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
- Motivation and Cognition
- Motivation and Culture
- Motivation and Personality
- Needs
- Perception and Motivation
- Self-Control
- Self-Determination
- Self-Esteem
- Sex
- Social Motives
- Terror Management Theory
- Unconscious Motivation
- Values
- Neuroscience
- Brain and Consciousness
- Brain and Nervous System: Macroarchitecture
- Brain and Nervous System: Microarchitecture
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Frontal Lobe Functions
- Neuroendocrine System
- Neuroethics
- Neuropsychology
- Neuroscience as One-Sided Dualism
- Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
- Occipital Lobe Functions
- Parietal Lobe Functions
- Research Design
- Research Methods in Neuroscience
- Social Neuroscience
- Temporal Lobe Functions
- Organizations
- Communication and Language
- Consumer Psychology
- Employee Motivation
- Employee Satisfaction
- Human Factors in Organizations
- Job Analysis
- Leadership
- Organizational Climate and Culture
- Performance Management
- Personnel Development
- Personnel Evaluation
- Personnel Selection
- Systems and Organizations
- Training and Personnel Development
- Workforce Psychology
- Perception
- Auditory Perception
- Event Perception
- Gestalt Psychology
- Music Perception
- Pain
- Perception and Art
- Perception and Cognition
- Perception and Culture
- Perception and Epistemology
- Perception and Language
- Perception and Motivation
- Perceptual Contrast
- Perceptual Disorders
- Perceptual Illusions
- Psychophysics
- Signal Detection Theory
- Visual Perception
- Personality
- Ancient and Premodern Theories of Personality
- Behavioral Theories of Personality
- Big Five Model and Lexical Trait Theory
- Existential Theories of Personality
- Factor Analysis and Personality Theory
- Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory of Personality
- Humanistic Theories of Personality
- Metatheoretical Issues in Personality Psychology
- Motivation and Personality
- Personality Testing
- Personality Traits Versus Situations
- Personality Types Versus Personality Traits
- Personality, Heritability of
- Personality, Measurement of
- Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
- Psychopathology
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Addiction
- Ancient and Premodern Theories of Personality
- Anxiety Disorders
- Behavioral Perspectives on Psychopathology
- Cognitive Behavioral Theories of Psychopathology
- Culture and Psychopathology
- Dissociative Disorders
- Historical Roots of Theories of Psychopathology
- Humanistic Theories of Psychopathology
- International Classification of Diseases
- Medicalization of Psychopathology
- Mood Disorders
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Personality Disorders
- Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories of Psychopathology
- Psychopathology and Stress
- Schizophrenia
- Research Methods
- Sensation
- Sociality
- Altruism
- Altruism and Sociality
- Attitude Formation and Change
- Attraction
- Close Relationships
- Grief and Bereavement
- Group Processes
- Individuality Versus Collectivity
- Intergroup Behavior
- Law and Psychology
- Relational Theory
- Self
- Social Cognition
- Social Influence
- Social Psychology: Is It Truly Social?
- Social Role Theory
- Stigma
- Time Perspective Theory
- Therapy
- Ancient and Medieval Sources of Therapy
- Behavior Therapies
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
- Cognitive Therapies
- Contemporary Trends in Psychotherapy
- Ethics of Therapy
- Evidence-Based Therapy
- Measuring Treatment Outcome
- Medical Therapies
- Phenomenological, Existential, and Hermeneutical Therapies
- Placebo Effect
- Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies
- Psychotherapy and Individualism
- Spirituality
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