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Operant Conditioning
Adaptive behavior is anything an animal does that aids its Darwinian fitness, that is, anything that helps it to survive and reproduce. Adaptive behavior comes in two varieties, although the division is not sharp. Reflexes and many “instincts” are built in. For example, a child withdraws his or her hand from the hot fire without instruction, but the same child may have to learn not to touch a hot kettle. The first behavior is the result of natural selection during phylogeny, the evolution of the species. The second is the result of operant conditioning, voluntary behavior modified by its (in this case, painful) consequences during ontogeny, the life of the individual. Operant conditioning is also the result of selection, but selection by positive and ...
- Behavior Therapies
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Behavior Modification
- Behavior Therapies: Overview
- Behavior Therapy
- Behavioral Activation
- Classical Conditioning
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Exposure and Response Prevention
- Exposure Therapy
- Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
- Multimodal Therapy
- Operant Conditioning
- Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
- Prolonged Exposure Therapy
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Systematic Desensitization
- Body-Oriented Therapies
- Feldenkrais Method
- Alexander Technique
- Biodynamic Psychology
- Bioenergetic Analysis
- Body-Mind Centering®
- Body-Oriented Therapies: Overview
- Characteranalytical Vegetotherapy
- Concentrative Movement Therapy
- Core Energetics
- Hakomi Therapy
- Holotropic Breathwork
- Integrative Body Psychotherapy
- Orgonomy
- Ortho-Bionomy
- Postural Integration
- Primal Integration
- Primal Therapy
- Pulsing
- Radix
- Rolfing
- Rubenfeld Synergy
- Sensorimotor Psychotherapy
- Somatic Experiencing
- Yoga Movement Therapy
- Cautious, Dangerous, and/or Illegal Practices
- Classical Psychoanalytic Approaches
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Adlerian Therapy
- Cognitive Analytic Therapy
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Overview
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Critical Incident Stress Management
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
- Guided Imagery Therapy
- Impact Therapy
- Method of Levels
- Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
- Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
- Motivational Interviewing
- Multimodal Therapy
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Rational Living Therapy
- Reality Therapy
- Schema Therapy
- Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Complementary and Alternative Approaches
- Acupuncture and Acupressure
- Advanced Integrative Therapy
- Alexander Technique
- Aromatherapy
- Autogenic Training
- BodyTalk
- Brainspotting
- BreathWork in Contemplative Psychotherapy
- Complementary and Alternative Approaches: Overview
- Contemplative Psychotherapy
- Ecotherapy
- Emotional Freedom Techniques
- Energy Psychology
- Healing From The Body Level Up
- Healing Touch
- HeartMath
- Hellerwork
- Herbal Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine and Counseling
- Integrative Forgiveness Psychotherapy
- Meditation
- Mindfulness Techniques
- Morita Therapy
- Non-Western Approaches
- Prayer and Affirmations
- Rebirthing-Breathwork
- Reiki
- Therapeutic Touch
- Constructivist Therapies
- Contemporary Psychodynamic-Based Therapies
- Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy
- Archetypal Psychotherapy
- Attachment Theory and Attachment Therapies
- Contemporary Psychodynamic-Based Therapies: Overview
- Core Process Psychotherapy
- Cyclical Psychodynamics
- Emotion-Focused Therapy
- Feminist Psychoanalytic Therapy
- Holding Therapy
- Interpersonal Psychoanalysis
- Intersubjective-Systems Theory
- Lacanian Psychoanalysis
- Mentalization-Based Treatment
- Neuropsychoanalysis
- Psychosocial Development, Theory of
- Relational Psychoanalysis
- Self Psychology
- Couples, Family, and Relational Models
- Ackerman Relational Approach
- Attachment-Focused Family Therapy
- Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy
- Couple and Family Hypnotic Therapy
- Couples, Family, and Relational Models: Overview
- Emotion-Focused Family Therapy
- Family Constellation Therapy
- Feminist Family Therapy
- Gottman Method Couples Therapy
- Human Validation Process Model
- Identity Renegotiation Counseling
- Imago Relationship Therapy
- Integrative Family Therapy
- Internal Family Systems Model
- Multigenerational Family Therapy
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Narrative Family Therapy
- Psychodynamic Family Therapy
- Relationship Enhancement Therapy
- Solution-Focused Brief Family Therapy
- Strategic Family Therapy
- Structural Family Therapy
- Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy
- Systemic Constellations
- Systemic Family Therapy
- Creative Arts and Expressive Therapies
- Adventure-Based Therapy
- Animal Assisted Therapy
- Art Therapy
- Bibliotherapy
- Chess Therapy
- Creative Arts and Expressive Therapies: Overview
- Dance Movement Therapy
- Drama Therapy
- EcoWellness
- Impact Therapy
- Improvisational Therapy
- Music Therapy
- Nature-Guided Therapy
- Play Therapy
- Poetry Therapy
- Psychodrama
- Wellness Counseling
- Writing Therapy
- Ego-Oriented Therapies
- Erickson-Derived or -Influenced Theories
- Brain Change Therapy
- Couple and Family Hypnotic Therapy
- Directive Therapy
- Ego State Therapy
- Erickson-Derived or -Influenced Theories: Overview
- Ericksonian Therapy
- Impact Therapy
- Improvisational Therapy
- Interaction Focused Therapy
- Metaphors of Movement Therapy
- Nature-Guided Therapy
- Neuro-Linguistic Programming
- Possibility Therapy
- Psychosocial Genomics
- Self-Relations Psychotherapy
- Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
- StoryPlay Therapy
- Strategic Therapy
- Existential-Humanistic Therapies
- Daseinsanalysis
- Emotion-Focused Therapy
- Existential Therapy
- Existential-Humanistic Therapies: Overview
- Experiential Psychotherapy
- Focusing-Oriented Therapy
- Gestalt Therapy
- Humanistic Psychoanalysis of Erich Fromm
- Logotherapy and Existential Analysis
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Person-Centered Counseling
- Phenomenological Therapy
- Positive Psychology
- Primal Integration
- Primal Therapy
- Process-Oriented Psychology
- Psychodrama
- Psychosynthesis
- Transactional Analysis
- Values Clarification
- Foundational Therapies
- Adlerian Therapy
- Analytical Psychology
- Behavior Therapy
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Constructivist Therapy
- Ericksonian Therapy
- Existential Therapy
- Feminist Therapy
- Foundational Therapies: Overview
- Freudian Psychoanalysis
- Gestalt Therapy
- Narrative Therapy
- Person-Centered Counseling
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Reality Therapy
- Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
- Strategic Therapy
- Group Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories
- Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy
- Activity-Based Group Psychotherapy
- Adlerian Group Therapy
- Attachment Group Therapy
- Behavioral Group Therapy
- Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy
- Existential Group Psychotherapy
- Focused Brief Group Therapy
- Functional Analytic Group Therapy
- Gestalt Group Therapy
- Group Analysis
- Group Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories: Overview
- Interpersonal Group Therapy
- Interpersonal Integrative Group Therapy
- Intersubjective Group Psychotherapy
- Jungian Group Psychotherapy
- Lacanian Group Therapy
- Modern Analytic Group Therapy
- Process Groups
- Psychodrama
- Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy
- Psychoeducational Groups
- Relational Group Psychotherapy
- Self-Help Groups
- Systems-Centered Group Counseling
- Tavistock Group Training Approach
- Training Groups
- Integrative Approaches
- Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy
- Assimilative Psychotherapy Integration
- Biopsychosocial Model
- Cognitive Analytic Therapy
- Common Factors in Therapy
- Contextual Therapy
- Cyclical Psychodynamics
- Developmental Constructivism
- Developmental Counseling and Therapy: Theory and Brain-Based Practice
- Eclecticism
- Emotion-Focused Therapy
- Evidence-Based Psychotherapy
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
- Integral Psychotherapy
- Integrative Approaches: Overview
- Integrative Forgiveness Psychotherapy
- Integrative Milieu Model
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- Multimodal Therapy
- Multitheoretical Psychotherapy
- Positive Psychology
- Transtheoretical Model
- Unified Theory
- Unified Therapy
- Unifying Nonlinear Dynamical Biopsychosocial Systems Approach
- Neurological and Psychophysiological Therapies
- Autogenic Training
- Biofeedback
- Brain Change Therapy
- Cerebral Electric Stimulation
- Cognitive Enhancement Therapy
- Developmental Counseling and Therapy: Theory and Brain-Based Practice
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
- Eye Movement Integration Therapy
- Heart Rate Variability
- Hypnotherapy
- Integral Eye Movement Therapy
- Neurofeedback
- Neuro-Linguistic Programming
- Neurological and Psychophysiological Therapies: Overview
- Neuroprocessing
- Neuropsychoanalysis
- Other Therapies
- Brief Therapy
- Chaos Theory
- Common Factors in Therapy
- Cross-Cultural Counseling Theory
- Ecological Counseling
- Evidence-Based Psychotherapy
- Feedback-Informed Treatment
- Metaphors of Movement Therapy
- Other Therapies: Overview
- Pastoral Counseling
- Provocative Therapy
- Re-Evaluation Counseling
- Relational-Cultural Theory
- Self-Relations Psychotherapy
- Sexual Identity Therapy
- Sexual Minority Affirmative Therapy
- Status Dynamic Psychotherapy
- Supportive Psychotherapy
- Theorists
- Ackerman, Nathan
- Adler, Alfred
- Bandura, Albert
- Beck, Aaron T.
- Boszormenyi-Nagy, Ivan
- Bowen, Murray
- de Shazer, Steve, and Insoo Kim Berg
- Ellis, Albert
- Erickson, Milton H.
- Frankl, Viktor
- Freud, Sigmund
- Glasser, William
- Haley, Jay
- Horney, Karen
- Jung, Carl Gustav
- Kelly, George
- Kernberg, Otto
- Klein, Melanie
- Lazarus, Arnold
- Linehan, Marsha
- Madanes, Cloe
- Mahler, Margaret
- Mahoney, Michael J.
- Maslow, Abraham
- May, Rollo
- Meichenbaum, Donald
- Miller, Jean Baker
- Miller, William R.
- Minuchin, Salvador
- O’Hanlon, Bill
- Palo Alto Group
- Pavlov, Ivan
- Perls, Fritz
- Reich, Wilhelm
- Rogers, Carl
- Satir, Virginia
- Seligman, Martin
- Shapiro, Francine
- Skinner, B. F.
- Sullivan, Harry Stack
- Whitaker, Carl
- White, Michael
- Winnicott, Donald
- Yalom, Irvin
- Zimbardo, Philip George
- Transpersonal Psychology
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