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Lung: Tissue Function
Our lungs contract and expand with approximately 12 to 18 breaths per minute. During this time, each lung captures oxygen from the air and supplies it throughout the body via the bloodstream and, at the same time, expels carbon dioxide, which is formed as a waste product of metabolism. Lungs are spongy organs, filled with air, located inside the thoracic cavity. In this article, we discuss how air enters the upper respiratory tract and eventually ends up in tiny alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
Upper Respiratory Tract
The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx; the lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nasal cavity has a large surface area and its function is to adjust the temperature of ...
- Adipose: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- C. elegans Models to Study Stem Cells
- Brain Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: AIDS-Related Conditions
- Clinical Trials Outside the United States
- Animal Cloning
- Australia
- Chimera Formation, Ethics of
- Tissue Engineering (Scaffold)
- Aastrom Biosciences, Inc.
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Bioreactors
- Gene Patents
- Bone Marrow Transplants
- Amniotic Fluid Cells
- American Association for the Advancement of Science
- Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo
- Embryonic Stem Cells, Methods to Produce
- Advocacy
- Buddhism
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Self-Renewal and Differentiation
- Alabama
- Adipose: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Drosophila Models to Study Stem Cells
- Breast Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
- Belgium
- Clinical Trials, Ethics of
- Tissue Printing
- Advanced Cell Technology
- Autonomous University of Barcelona
- Xenotransplantation
- International Society for Stem Cell Research Guidelines
- Direct Reprogramming of Adult Cells Into Other Cell Types
- Cord Blood Stem Cells
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
- Anversa, Piero
- iPS, Methods to Produce
- Congress: Votes and Amendments
- Catholicism
- Animal Cloning
- Stem Cell Aging
- Alaska
- Adipose: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Mouse Models to Study Stem Cells
- Cancer Stem Cells: Overview
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Batten Disease
- Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Cerebral Palsy
- Brazil
- Clinical Trials (Adult Cells), Ethics of
- Athersys
- Autonomous University of Madrid
- Pluripotent Stem Cell Patents
- Endothelial Cell Isolation
- Fetal Stem Cells
- Canada: Stem Cell Network
- Charo, Alta
- iPS Tissue Sources
- Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics
- Christianity
- Autism
- Stem Cell Differentiation/Self-Organization
- Arizona
- Adipose: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Rat Models to Study Stem Cells
- Colon Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Blood Deficiencies
- Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Spinal Cord Injury
- China
- Cloning, Ethics of
- Beike Biotechnology
- Baylor University
- Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, The
- Frenette, Paul
- iPSC From Animal Cells
- National Right to Life Committee
- Judaism
- Cord Blood Banking
- Stem Cell DNA Repair
- Arkansas
- Adipose: Major Pathologies
- Xenopus Models to Study Stem Cells
- Head and Neck Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Crohn’s Disease
- Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Stroke
- Denmark
- Egg Donation, Ethics of
- California Stem Cell, Inc.
- Boston Children’s Hospital
- Genome Sequencing
- Danish Stem Cell Research
- Fuchs, Elaine
- Pluripotency Network
- President’s Council on Bioethics
- Muslim
- Cosmetic Surgery
- Stem Cell Ground State
- California
- Adipose: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Zebrafish Models to Study Stem Cells
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Cancer Stem Cells
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Diabetes
- France
- Genome Sequencing, Ethics of
- Cellerant Therapeutics
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
- Human ES Cell Isolation
- EuroStemCell
- Goldman, Steven A.
- Pluripotent Stem Cells, Embryonic
- Special Interest/Lobby Groups
- Drug Testing and Drug Development in Cell Culture
- Stem Cell Histocompatibility
- Colorado
- Adipose: Tissue Function
- Liver Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Eye Conditions
- Germany
- Germ Cell Modifications (Gene Therapy), Ethics of
- Cryo-Cell International
- Case Western Reserve University/Cleveland Clinic
- In Vitro Fertilization
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Hochedlinger, Konrad
- Pluripotent Stem Cells, Epi
- Stem Cells: Bush Ruling
- Endothelial Blood Vessels
- Stem Cell Niche
- Connecticut
- Adult Stem Cells: Overview
- Lung Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Graft Failure, Graft-Versus-Host Disease
- India
- In Vitro Production of Germ Cells, Ethics of
- Cryo-Save
- Columbia University
- In Vitro Stem Cell Study Assays
- International Society for Stem Cell Research
- Langer, Robert
- Pluripotent Stem Cells, Germ
- ESC and iPSC Banking
- Stem Cell Plasticity
- Delaware
- Bladder: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Melanoma: Stem Cells
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Heart Disease
- Iran
- Moral Status of Embryos
- Cytori Therapeutics, Inc.
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research
- In Vivo Stem Cell Study Assays
- International Stem Cell Forum
- Losordo, Douglas
- Pluripotent Stem Cells, Teratoma
- Fertility Treatment Creation of Germ Cells From Adult Cells
- Stem Cell Potency
- Florida
- Bladder: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Hematological Cancers
- Italy
- Unapproved Therapy, Ethics of
- ES Cell International
- Duke University
- Lineage Tracing
- Japan Human Cell Society
- Martino, Gianvito
- Food From Stem Cells
- Tissue Regeneration: Animals and Plants
- Georgia
- Bladder: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Skin Cancer
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Immunologic/Histiocytic Disorders
- Japan
- Fate Therapeutics
- Genetics Policy Institute
- Mouse ES Cell Isolation
- Lasker Foundation
- McCulloch, Ernest
- Gene Therapy: Hemoglobinopathies
- Tissue Regeneration: Humans
- Hawai’i
- Bladder: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Kidney Disease
- Korea
- Geron Corporation
- Harvard University
- MRI Tracking
- Medical Research Council (UK)
- Orkin, Stuart
- Graft Failure: Graft-Versus-Host Disease
- Transit Amplifying Cells
- Idaho
- Bladder: Major Pathologies
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Multiple Sclerosis
- Netherlands
- International Stem Cell Corporation
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Non-Human Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
- Michael J. Fox Foundation
- Pera, Martin
- Hearing Disease
- Illinois
- Bladder: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Parkinson’s Disease
- Norway
- Lentigen Corporation
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Nuclear Transfer, Altered
- National Institutes of Health
- Rafii, Shahin
- Heart Disease
- Indiana
- Blood Adult Stem Cell: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Saudi Arabia
- NeoStem, Inc.
- Indiana University
- Nuclear Transfer, Somatic Cell
- National Science Foundation
- Rao, Mahendra
- Hematopoietic Transplantation: Cancer
- Iowa
- Blood Adult Stem Cell: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Skin Transplants
- Singapore
- Neuralstem, Inc.
- Johns Hopkins University
- Parthogenesis
- National Stem Cell Bank
- Reynolds, Brent A., and Samuel Weiss
- Hematopoietic Transplantation: Gene Therapy
- Kansas
- Blood Adult Stem Cell: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Solid Tumors
- Spain
- New Biotech: Overview
- Karolinska Institute
- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- Scadden, David
- Immune Disorders
- Kentucky
- Blood Adult Stem Cell: Major Pathologies
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury
- Sweden
- Parcell Laboratories
- Kyoto University
- Profiling Study Methods
- Parkinson’s Disease Foundation
- Snyder, Evan
- In Utero Treatment
- Louisiana
- Blood Adult Stem Cell: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Stroke
- Switzerland
- Pathfinder Cell Therapy
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Stem Cell Epigenetic: Chromatin Modification
- Scotland: Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine
- Steindler, Dennis
- Kidney Disease
- Maine
- Bone: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Clinical Trials, U.S.: Traumatic Brain Injury
- Taiwan
- Stem Cell Companies: Overview
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Stem Cell Epigenetic: DNA Methylation
- Stem Cell Genome Anatomy Projects
- Studer, Lorenz
- Lung Disease
- Maryland
- Bone: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- United Kingdom
- Stemagen
- Max Planck Society
- Stem Cell Epigenetic: DNA Replication
- Stem Cell Network North Rhine Westphalia
- Thomson, James
- Pancreatic Islet Transplant
- Massachusetts
- Bone: Development and Regeneration Potential
- United States
- Stematix
- Mayo Clinic
- Stem Cell Expression Profiling
- Swiss Stem Cells Network
- Till, James
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Michigan
- Bone: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- TiGenix/Cellerix
- McMaster University
- Stem Cell Genetic Modification Study Method
- UK National Stem Cell Network
- van der Kooy, Derek
- Radiation Injury Treatment
- Minnesota
- Bone: Major Pathologies
- ViaCyte, Inc.
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine
- Stem Cell Markers
- WiCell
- Vescovi, Angelo
- Retinal Stem Cells
- Mississippi
- Bone: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- National Academy of Sciences
- Stem Cell Purification
- Weissman, Irving
- Schizophrenia
- Missouri
- Breast: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Northwestern University
- Tissue Culture Study Methods
- Yamanaka, Shinya
- Skin Graft
- Montana
- Breast: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Oregon Health & Science University
- Viral Vectors: Adeonvirus
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Nebraska
- Breast: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
- Viral Vectors: Lentivirus
- Stem Cell Banking
- Nevada
- Breast: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Pasteur Institute
- Transfusion Product: NK Cells
- New Hampshire
- Breast: Major Pathologies
- Peking University
- Transfusion Product: Platelets
- New Jersey
- Breast: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Princeton University
- Transfusion Product: Red Blood Cells
- New Mexico
- Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center
- Wound Repair
- New York
- Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Robarts Research Institute
- North Carolina
- Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Rockefeller University
- North Dakota
- Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Rutgers University
- Ohio
- Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Major Pathologies
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
- Oklahoma
- Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Scripps Research Institute
- Oregon
- Dental: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Sloan Kettering Institute
- Pennsylvania
- Dental: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Stanford University
- Rhode Island
- Dental: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research
- South Carolina
- Dental: Major Pathologies
- University of Bonn
- South Dakota
- Dental: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- University of British Columbia
- Tennessee
- Eyes: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- University of California, Berkeley
- Texas
- Eyes: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- University of California, Davis
- Utah
- Eyes: Development and Regeneration Potential
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Vermont
- Eyes: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- University of California, San Diego
- Virginia
- Eyes: Major Pathologies
- University of California, San Francisco
- Washington
- Eyes: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- University of Cambridge
- West Virginia
- Eyes: Tissue Function
- University of Connecticut
- Wisconsin
- Gonads, Female: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- University of Heidelberg
- Wyoming
- Gonads, Female: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- University of Melbourne
- Gonads, Female: Development and Regeneration Potential
- University of Miami
- Gonads, Female: Major Pathologies
- University of Michigan
- Gonads, Female: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- University of Milan
- Gonads, Male: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- University of Minnesota
- Gonads, Male: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Gonads, Male: Development and Regeneration Potential
- University of Oxford
- Gonads, Male: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- University of Pittsburgh
- Gonads, Male: Major Pathologies
- University of Southern California
- Gonads, Male: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- University of Strasbourg
- Graft Failure: Graft-Versus-Host Disease
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- Gut: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- University of Tokyo
- Gut: Development and Regeneration Potential
- University of Toronto
- Gut: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Gut: Major Pathologies
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Gut: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
- Heart: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Vanderbilt of University
- Heart: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Wake Forest University
- Heart: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Weill Cornell Medical College
- Heart: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Heart: Major Pathologies
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
- Heart: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Yale University
- Heart: Tissue Function
- Kidney: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Kidney: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Kidney: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Kidney: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Kidney: Major Pathologies
- Kidney: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Liver: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Liver: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Liver: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Liver: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Liver: Major Pathologies
- Liver: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Liver: Tissue Function
- Lung: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Lung: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Lung: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Lung: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Lung: Major Pathologies
- Lung: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Lung: Tissue Function
- Mesenchymal: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Mesenchymal: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Mesenchymal: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Mesenchymal: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Mesenchymal: Major Pathologies
- Mesenchymal: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Muscle: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Muscle: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Muscle: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Muscle: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Muscle: Major Pathologies
- Muscle: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Neural: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Neural: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Neural: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Neural: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Neural: Major Pathologies
- Neural: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Pancreas: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Pancreas: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Pancreas: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Pancreas: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Pancreas: Major Pathologies
- Pancreas: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Pancreas: Tissue Function
- Skin: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Skin: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Skin: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Skin: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Skin: Major Pathologies
- Skin: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Skin: Tissue Function
- Sweat Gland: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
- Sweat Gland: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
- Sweat Gland: Development and Regeneration Potential
- Sweat Gland: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
- Sweat Gland: Major Pathologies
- Sweat Gland: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
- Vascular Stem Cell
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