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In Vitro Fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) refers to an assisted reproductive technology in which individuals attempt to become pregnant and create a family through nontraditional means. Typically performed as treatment for heterosexual, married couples who are unable to conceive children, IVF has been increasingly used by single women and same-sex couples. This entry reviews the cost and steps of the medical procedure while focusing on three controversial issues: (1) the ethics of the technology, (2) access to treatment, and (3) potential risks for children.
Born in 1978, Louise Brown was conceived through IVF and came to be known as the first “test-tube baby.” Since her birth, the reproductive procedure has essentially remained unchanged; however, access to treatment has diversified over the years. For heterosexual, married couples, the ...
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- Cross-Cultural Models or Approaches to Gender
- Cultural Competence
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- Ethics in Psychotherapy and Gender
- Existential Approaches and Gender
- Existential Theories of Gender Development
- Feminist Therapy
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- Gender Dynamics in Group Therapy
- Gender Dynamics in Psychotherapy
- Gender Self-Socialization Model
- Gilligan’s Moral Development Theory
- Humanistic Approaches and Gender
- Humanistic Theories of Gender Development
- International Perspectives on Women’s Mental Health
- Interpersonal Therapies and Gender
- Intersectional Theories
- Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
- LGBTQQ-Affirmative Psychotherapy
- Psychoanalytic Approaches and Gender
- Psychoanalytic Feminism
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- Psychodynamic Feminism
- Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development
- Sexual Orientation Change Efforts
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- Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Psychotherapy
- Sociodramatic Play/Role-Play
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- Violence and Gender
- Acquaintance Rape
- Campus Rape
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- Date Rape
- Emotional Abuse
- Female Sex Offenders
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- Hate Crimes Toward LGBTQ People
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Intimate Partner Violence in Same-Sex Couples
- Military Sexual Trauma
- Misogyny
- Perpetrators of Violence
- Physical Abuse
- Physical Assault, Female Survivors of
- Physical Assault, Male Survivors of
- Physical Assault, Transgender Survivors of
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender Violence
- Power-Control and Gender
- Psychological Abuse
- Rape
- Rape Culture
- Revictimization
- Sexual Abuse
- Sexual Assault
- Sexual Assault, Adolescent Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Child Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Female Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Male Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Survivors of
- Sexual Coercion
- Sexual Offenders
- Slut Shaming
- Spousal Rape
- Stalking
- Stranger Rape
- Take Back the Night
- Transgender Day of Action
- Transgender Day of Remembrance
- Transgender People and Violence
- Transmisogyny
- Vicarious Trauma
- Victim Blaming
- Violence Against Women Act
- Violence and Gender: Overview
- Women’s Issues
- Body Image Issues and Women
- Body Objectification
- Depression and Women
- Femininity
- Feminist Identity Development Model
- Gender Discrimination
- Gender Role Behavior
- Gender Socialization in Women
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Women
- Help-Seeking Behaviors and Women
- Heterosexual Romantic Relationships
- Heterosexual Women and Dating
- Inferiority Complex
- Internalized Sexism
- Lesbians and Dating
- Lesbians and Health
- Lesbians and Romantic Relationships
- Motherhood
- Physical Assault, Female Survivors of
- Sexism
- Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Women
- Sexual Assault, Female Survivors of
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexuality and Women
- Street Harassment
- Women and Aging
- Women’s Friendships
- Women’s Groups
- Women’s Health
- Women’s Issues: Overview
- Womyn
- The Workplace and Gender
- Affirmative Action
- Domestic Care Industry and Women
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Equal Pay for Equal Work
- Gender Bias in Hiring Practices
- Gender Discrimination
- Gender Microinequities
- Gendered Organizations
- Labor Movement and Women
- Pregnancy Discrimination
- Sex Work
- Sexual Harassment
- Title IX
- Women and Leadership
- Women Athletes, Experiences of
- Women Coaches, Experiences of
- Women in Academia, Experiences of
- Women in Corporate Positions, Experiences of
- Women in Government, Experiences of
- Women in Public Safety, Experiences of
- Women in Religious Leadership, Experiences of
- Women in STEM Fields, Experiences of
- Women in the Military, Experiences of
- Women Leaders in Political Movements, Experiences of
- Workplace and Gender: Overview
- Workplace Sexual Harassment
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