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Identity Development and Aging
Aging presents developmental challenges for identity. The specific ways in which individuals address these challenges influence their identity development. While aging is a biological and chronological reality, the ways in which individuals psychologically construct their sense of self as they age make a difference in their identity development and adaptation to life. Recognition of the constructive nature of identity is a common attribute of many approaches to aging. This entry summarizes the insights of some of the major approaches.
Identity and the Development of Consciousness
Robert Kegan proposed a realistic vision of adaptation in aging, originating from his theory that includes three orders of consciousness for adult development. Each order represents a general psychological structure that strongly influences an individual’s sense of identity. Through the first ...
- Adolescence
- Abstinence in Adolescence
- Adolescence and Gender: Overview
- Attraction
- Body Image and Adolescence
- Bullying in Adolescence
- Bullying, Gender-Based
- Coming Out Processes for LGBTQ Youth
- Cyberbullying
- Disability and Adolescence
- Emotions in Adolescence and Gender
- Family Relationships in Adolescence
- Friendships in Adolescence
- Gender Identity and Adolescence
- Gender Marginality in Adolescence
- Gender Norms and Adolescence
- Gender Socialization in Adolescence
- Gendered Behaviors in Adolescence
- Identity Formation in Adolescence
- Masculinity in Adolescence
- Peer Pressure in Adolescence
- Puberty Suppression
- Role Models and Gender
- Romantic Relationships in Adolescence
- Safe Sex and Adolescence
- Sexual Assault, Adolescent Survivors of
- Sexuality and Adolescence
- Teen Fathers
- Teen Mothers
- Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Adolescents
- Aging
- Ageism
- Aging and Gender: Overview
- Aging and Mental Health
- Body Image and Aging
- Brain Lateralization
- Caretakers, Experiences of
- Community and Aging
- Disability and Aging
- End-of-Life and Existential Issues
- Gender Socialization in Aging
- Identity Development and Aging
- Isolation and Aging
- Late Adulthood and Gender
- Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences of Aging
- LGBQ Older Adults and Health
- Long-Term Care
- Men and Aging
- Menopause
- Middle Adulthood and Gender
- Sexuality and Aging
- Stigma of Aging
- Transgender Experiences of Aging
- Women and Aging
- Biological Sex Differences
- Biological Sex and Cognitive Development
- Biological Sex and Health Outcomes
- Biological Sex and Language and Communication
- Biological Sex and Mental Health Outcomes
- Biological Sex and Social Development
- Biological Sex and the Brain
- Biological Sex Differences: Overview
- Cognitive Disorders in Men
- Cognitive Disorders in Women
- Evolutionary Sex Differences
- Gender Versus Sex
- Intersex
- Neurofeminism
- Neurosexism
- Orgasm, Psychological Issues Relating to
- Turner Syndrome
- Childhood
- Behavioral Disorders and Gender
- Bullying in Childhood
- Child Adoption and Gender
- Child Neglect
- Child Play
- Childhood and Gender: Overview
- Children With LGBTQ Parents
- Children With Transgender Parents
- Children’s Cognitive Development
- Children’s Moral Development
- Children’s Social-Emotional Development
- Disability and Childhood
- Gender Identity and Childhood
- Gender Self-Socialization
- Gender Socialization in Childhood
- Gender Variant Role Expression in Childhood
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Childhood
- Identity Formation in Childhood
- Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Children
- Nature Versus Nurture
- Parental Expectations
- Parental Messages About Gender
- Parental Stressors
- Parenting Styles, Gender Differences in
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender Differences in Children
- Pretend Play
- Sexual Assault, Child Survivors of
- Transgender Children
- Developmental and Biological Processes
- Asexuality
- Biopsychology
- Bisexual Identity Development
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Developmental and Biological Processes: Overview
- Fetal Programming of Gender
- Fetal Sex Selection
- Gay Male Identity Development
- Gender Development, Theories of
- Gendered Behavior
- Inferiority Complex
- Internalized Heterosexism
- Internalized Sexism
- Internalized Transphobia
- Lesbian Identity Development
- Masturbation
- Psychosexual Development
- Puberty
- Sexual Desire
- Sexual Orientation Identity Development
- Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Identity Development
- Education
- Abstinence-Only Education
- Career Choice and Gender
- Career Choice and Sexual Orientation
- Comprehensive Sexuality Education
- Education and Gender: Overview
- Ethics of Self-Care for Psychologists
- Gender Balance in Education
- Gender Bias in Education
- Gender Studies in Higher Education
- Gender Studies in K-12 Education
- Gender Tracking in Education
- Impostor Syndrome
- Men’s Studies
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Gender
- Sex Education in Schools
- STEM Fields and Gender
- Stereotype Threat in Education
- Teacher Bias
- Transgender Studies
- Women’s Studies
- Feminism
- Gender and Society
- Ambivalent Sexism
- Anti-Feminist Backlash
- Benevolent Sexism
- Body Modification
- Breastfeeding
- Criminal Justice System and Gender
- Criminal Justice System and Sexual Orientation
- Criminal Justice System and Transgender People
- Division of Domestic Labor
- Fat Shaming
- Fatherhood
- Fraternities
- Gender and Society: Overview
- Gender Equality
- Gender Role Behavior
- Gender Segregation
- Gender Stereotypes
- Government and Gender
- Heteronormativity
- Heterosexism
- Homophobia
- Homosexuality
- Hostile Sexism
- Human Rights
- Institutional Sexism
- Juvenile Justice System and Gender
- Legal System and Gender
- Marriage
- Matriarchy
- Media and Gender
- Microaggressions
- Military and Gender
- Motherhood
- Patriarchy
- Pornography and Gender
- Race and Gender
- Reproductive Rights Movement
- Romantic Relationships in Adulthood
- Sex Culture
- Sex Work
- Sexism
- Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Men
- Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Women
- Sexual Identity
- Sexual Orientation Identity
- Sexuality and Social Media
- Social Role Theory
- Sodomy Laws
- Sororities
- Sports and Gender
- Stalking
- Stereotype Threat and Gender
- Street Harassment
- Subtle Sexism
- Transgender People
- Vicarious Sexism
- Voting and Gender
- Gender Nonconformity and Transgender Issues
- Androgyny
- Bi-Gender
- Cisgender
- Cissexism
- Coming Out Processes for Transgender People
- Criminal Justice System and Transgender People
- Criminalization of Gender Nonconformity
- Doing Gender
- Gender Affirming Medical Treatments
- Gender Dysphoria
- Gender Expression
- Gender Fluidity
- Gender Identity
- Gender Identity Disorder, History of
- Gender Nonconforming Behaviors
- Gender Nonconforming People
- Gender Nonconformity and Transgender Issues: Overview
- Gender Pronouns
- Gender Role Socialization
- Genderqueer
- Passing
- Pathologizing Gender Identity
- Physical Assault, Transgender Survivors of
- Third Gender
- Trans*
- Transgender People
- Transgender People and Dating
- Transgender People and Health Disparities
- Transgender People and Resilience
- Transgender People and Romantic Relationships
- Transphobia
- Transsexual
- Transvestic Fetishism
- Two-Spirited People
- Gender Roles
- Butch
- Cultural Gender Role Norms
- Femininity
- Femme
- Gay Men and Gender Roles
- Gender Conformity
- Gender Role Behavior
- Gender Role Conflict
- Gender Role Socialization
- Gender Role Strain Paradigm
- Gender Role Stress
- Gender Roles: Overview
- Gender Stereotypes
- Gendered Behavior
- Gendered Behaviors in Adolescence
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Childhood
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Men
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Women
- Lesbians and Dating
- Lesbians and Gender Roles
- Masculinity Gender Norms
- Health Issues and Gender
- Abortion
- Abstinence
- Assisted Reproduction and Alternative Families
- Body Image
- Contraception
- Eating Disorders and Gender
- Egg Donation
- Estrogen
- Gender Reaffirming Surgeries
- Health at Every Size
- Health Issues and Gender: Overview
- HIV/AIDS
- Hormone Replacement Therapy for Cisgender Men and Women
- Hormone Therapy for Transgender People
- Hysterectomy
- In Vitro Fertilization
- Infertility
- Intimacy
- Low Testosterone
- Menopause
- Menstruation
- Orgasm, Psychological Issues Relating to
- Perimenopause
- Pregnancy
- Reproductive Cancer and Mental Health in Men
- Reproductive Cancer and Mental Health in Women
- Safe Sex
- Sex Education
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Sperm Donor
- Substance Use and Gender
- Surrogacy
- Teaching Human Sexuality
- Testosterone
- Men’s Issues
- Alexithymia
- Androcentrism
- Body Image Issues and Men
- Competition and Gender
- Depression and Men
- Fatherhood
- Fraternities
- Gay Men and Dating
- Gay Men and Feminism
- Gay Men and Health
- Gay Men and Romantic Relationships
- Gender Role Conflict
- Gender Role Strain Paradigm
- Gender Role Stress
- Gender Socialization in Men
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Men
- Hegemonic Masculinity
- Help-Seeking Behaviors and Men
- Heterosexual Male Identity Development
- Heterosexual Male Relationships
- Heterosexual Men and Dating
- Heterosexual Men and Feminism
- Heterosexual Romantic Relationships
- Male Privilege
- Masculinities
- Masculinity Gender Norms
- Masculinity Ideology and Norms
- Masculinity Threats
- Men and Aging
- Men’s Friendships
- Men’s Group Therapy
- Men’s Health
- Men’s Issues: Overview
- Physical Assault, Male Survivors of
- Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Men
- Sexual Assault, Male Survivors of
- Sexuality and Men
- Mental Health and Gender
- Agoraphobia and Gender
- Alcoholism and Gender
- Anorexia and Gender
- Antisocial Personality Disorder and Gender
- Anti-Trans Bias in the DSM
- Anxiety Disorders and Gender
- Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, and Gender
- Avoidant Personality Disorder and Gender
- Behavioral Disorders and Gender
- Bipolar Disorder and Gender
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Gender
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Gender
- Bulimia and Gender
- Delusional Disorder and Gender
- Dependent Personality Disorder and Gender
- Depression and Gender
- Discursive Approaches
- Dissociative Disorders and Gender
- Dual Diagnosis and Gender
- Exhibitionism and Gender
- Fetishism and Gender
- Frotteurism and Gender
- Gambling and Gender
- Gender Bias in the DSM
- Gender Dysphoria
- Gender Identity Disorder, History of
- Grieving and Gender
- Heterosexist Bias in the DSM
- Histrionic Personality Disorder and Gender
- Hypochondriasis and Gender
- Identity Construction
- Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Gender
- Mania and Gender
- Mental Health and Gender: Overview
- Mental Health Stigma and Gender
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Gender
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Gender
- Panic Disorder and Gender
- Pedophilia and Gender
- Personality Disorders and Gender Bias
- Postpartum Depression
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender
- Psychopathy and Gender
- Schizoid Personality Disorder and Gender
- Schizophrenia and Gender
- Self-Injury and Gender
- Sexual Disorders and Gender
- Sexual Orientation Disturbance, History of
- Sleep Disorders and Gender
- Sleep Disorders and LGBTQ People
- Social Anxiety Disorder and Gender
- Somatization Disorder and Gender
- Suicide and Gender
- Suicide and Sexual Orientation
- Voyeurism and Gender
- Multiculturalism and Gender
- Marianismo
- Ability Status and Gender
- Ability Status and Sexual Orientation
- Allies
- Arab Americans and Gender
- Arab Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Arab Americans and Transgender Identity
- Asian Americans and Gender
- Asian Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Asian Americans and Transgender Identity
- Biculturalism and Gender
- Biculturalism and Sexual Orientation
- Biculturalism and Transgender
- Bisexuality
- Black Americans and Gender
- Black Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Black Americans and Transgender Identity
- Buddhism and Gender
- Buddhism and Sexual Orientation
- Bystanders
- Christianity and Gender
- Christianity and Sexual Orientation
- Colonialism and Gender
- Criminalization of Men of Color
- Criminalization of Transgender People
- Cross-Cultural Differences in Gender
- Cultural Gender Role Norms
- Dual Minority Status
- Exoticization of LGBTQ People of Color
- Exoticization of Women of Color
- Gay Men
- Immigration and Gender
- Immigration and Sexualities
- Immigration and Transgender Identity
- Intersectional Identities
- Islam and Gender
- Islam and Sexual Orientation
- Judaism and Gender
- Judaism and Sexual Orientation
- Latina/o Americans and Gender
- Latina/o Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Latina/o Americans and Transgender Identity
- Lesbians
- LGBTQ Community, Experiences of Transgender People in
- LGBTQ Community, Gender Dynamics in
- LGBTQ People of Color and Discrimination
- Machismo
- Minority Stress
- Multiculturalism and Gender: Overview
- Multiracial People and Gender
- Multiracial People and Sexual Orientation
- Multiracial People and Transgender Identity
- Native Americans and Gender
- Native Americans and Transgender Identity
- Pacific Islanders and Gender
- Pacific Islanders and Sexual Orientation
- Pansexuality
- Queer
- Queerness
- Racial Discrimination, Gender-Based
- Social Class and Gender
- Social Class and Sexual Orientation
- Socioeconomic Status and Gender
- Spirituality and Gender
- Spirituality and Sexual Orientation
- Superwoman Complex
- Superwoman Squeeze
- Transgender People
- White/European Americans and Gender
- White/European Americans and Sexual Orientation
- White/European Americans and Transgender Identity
- Women of Color and Discrimination
- Worldviews and Gender Research
- Research
- Bem Sex Role Inventory
- Ethics in Gender Research
- Gender Bias in Research
- Gender-Biased Language in Research
- Heteronormative Bias in Research
- Kinsey Reports
- Kinsey Scale, The
- Measuring Gender
- Measuring Gender Identity
- Measuring Gender Roles
- Measuring Sexual Orientation
- Psychological Measurements, Gender Bias in
- Psychological Measurements, Sexual Orientation Bias in
- Reliability and Gender
- Research Methodology and Gender
- Research: Overview
- Sampling Bias and Gender
- Sexual Orientation as Research Variable
- Transgender Research, Bias in
- Validity and Gender
- Women in STEM Fields, Experiences of
- Sexual Orientation
- Arab Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Asexuality
- Asian Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Biculturalism and Sexual Orientation
- Biphobia
- Bisexual Identity Development
- Bisexuality
- Buddhism and Sexual Orientation
- Children With LGBTQ Parents
- Christianity and Sexual Orientation
- Coming Out Processes for LGBTQ Youth
- Criminal Justice System and Sexual Orientation
- Gay Male Identity Development
- Gay Men
- Gay Men and Health
- Heterosexual Male Identity Development
- Heterosexual Privilege
- Heterosexuality
- Homosexuality
- Immigration and Sexualities
- Internalized Heterosexism
- Islam and Sexual Orientation
- Judaism and Sexual Orientation
- Latina/o Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Lesbian Identity Development
- Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Children
- Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences of Aging
- Lesbians
- Lesbians and Health
- LGBTQ Athletes, Experiences of
- Marriage Equality
- Measuring Sexual Orientation
- Multiracial People and Sexual Orientation
- Pacific Islanders and Sexual Orientation
- Pansexuality
- Passing
- Psychological Measurements, Sexual Orientation Bias in
- Queer
- Queerness
- Racial Discrimination, Sexual Orientation–Based
- Sexual Identity
- Sexual Orientation as Research Variable
- Sexual Orientation Identity
- Sexual Orientation Identity Development
- Sexual Orientation: Overview
- Social Class and Sexual Orientation
- Spirituality and Sexual Orientation
- White/European Americans and Sexual Orientation
- Theories and Therapeutic Approaches
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Adlerian Theories of Gender Development
- Behavioral Approaches and Gender
- Behavioral Theories of Gender Development
- Biological Theories of Gender Development
- Cognitive Approaches and Gender
- Cognitive Theories of Gender Development
- Couples Therapy With Heterosexual Couples
- Couples Therapy With Same-Sex Couples
- Cross-Cultural Models or Approaches to Gender
- Cultural Competence
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Gender
- Ethics in Psychotherapy and Gender
- Existential Approaches and Gender
- Existential Theories of Gender Development
- Feminist Therapy
- Gender Dynamics in Clinical Supervision
- Gender Dynamics in Clinical Training
- Gender Dynamics in Group Therapy
- Gender Dynamics in Psychotherapy
- Gender Self-Socialization Model
- Gilligan’s Moral Development Theory
- Humanistic Approaches and Gender
- Humanistic Theories of Gender Development
- International Perspectives on Women’s Mental Health
- Interpersonal Therapies and Gender
- Intersectional Theories
- Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
- LGBTQQ-Affirmative Psychotherapy
- Psychoanalytic Approaches and Gender
- Psychoanalytic Feminism
- Psychodynamic Approaches and Gender
- Psychodynamic Feminism
- Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development
- Sexual Orientation Change Efforts
- Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Clinical Supervision
- Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Clinical Training
- Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Group Therapy
- Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Psychotherapy
- Sociodramatic Play/Role-Play
- Theories and Therapeutic Approaches: Overview
- Women’s Group Therapy
- Violence and Gender
- Acquaintance Rape
- Campus Rape
- Cycles of Abuse
- Date Rape
- Emotional Abuse
- Female Sex Offenders
- Gender-Based Violence
- Gender-Based Violence in Athletics
- Gender-Based Violence in the Media
- Hate Crimes Toward LGBTQ People
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Intimate Partner Violence in Same-Sex Couples
- Military Sexual Trauma
- Misogyny
- Perpetrators of Violence
- Physical Abuse
- Physical Assault, Female Survivors of
- Physical Assault, Male Survivors of
- Physical Assault, Transgender Survivors of
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender Violence
- Power-Control and Gender
- Psychological Abuse
- Rape
- Rape Culture
- Revictimization
- Sexual Abuse
- Sexual Assault
- Sexual Assault, Adolescent Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Child Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Female Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Male Survivors of
- Sexual Assault, Survivors of
- Sexual Coercion
- Sexual Offenders
- Slut Shaming
- Spousal Rape
- Stalking
- Stranger Rape
- Take Back the Night
- Transgender Day of Action
- Transgender Day of Remembrance
- Transgender People and Violence
- Transmisogyny
- Vicarious Trauma
- Victim Blaming
- Violence Against Women Act
- Violence and Gender: Overview
- Women’s Issues
- Body Image Issues and Women
- Body Objectification
- Depression and Women
- Femininity
- Feminist Identity Development Model
- Gender Discrimination
- Gender Role Behavior
- Gender Socialization in Women
- Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Women
- Help-Seeking Behaviors and Women
- Heterosexual Romantic Relationships
- Heterosexual Women and Dating
- Inferiority Complex
- Internalized Sexism
- Lesbians and Dating
- Lesbians and Health
- Lesbians and Romantic Relationships
- Motherhood
- Physical Assault, Female Survivors of
- Sexism
- Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Women
- Sexual Assault, Female Survivors of
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexuality and Women
- Street Harassment
- Women and Aging
- Women’s Friendships
- Women’s Groups
- Women’s Health
- Women’s Issues: Overview
- Womyn
- The Workplace and Gender
- Affirmative Action
- Domestic Care Industry and Women
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Equal Pay for Equal Work
- Gender Bias in Hiring Practices
- Gender Discrimination
- Gender Microinequities
- Gendered Organizations
- Labor Movement and Women
- Pregnancy Discrimination
- Sex Work
- Sexual Harassment
- Title IX
- Women and Leadership
- Women Athletes, Experiences of
- Women Coaches, Experiences of
- Women in Academia, Experiences of
- Women in Corporate Positions, Experiences of
- Women in Government, Experiences of
- Women in Public Safety, Experiences of
- Women in Religious Leadership, Experiences of
- Women in STEM Fields, Experiences of
- Women in the Military, Experiences of
- Women Leaders in Political Movements, Experiences of
- Workplace and Gender: Overview
- Workplace Sexual Harassment
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