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Groupthink
How do policy-making groups and executive teams reach and enact disastrous decisions? This is the question Irving Janis sought to answer in the late 1960s. His approach was to analyze how groups and teams made decisions that led to some of the biggest U.S. policy fiascos of the 20th century including the appeasement of Nazi Germany, the failure to prepare for Pearl Harbor, the invasion of the Bay of Pigs, and the escalation of the Vietnam War. His answer: All of these groups suffered from groupthink.
Definition
Groupthink is defined as a pattern of group dynamics of extreme concurrence seeking (or conformity) displayed by decision-making groups. According to Janis, decision-making groups are most likely to experience groupthink when the following antecedent conditions are present in the group: ...
- Cognitive Processes
- Attribution Theory
- Closure, Need for
- Collective Action
- Confirmation Bias
- Decision Making
- Hearts and Minds Approach
- Images and Theory in International Relations
- Insurgency
- Locus of Control
- Moral Dilemmas
- Morality and Politics
- Political Morality
- Political Plasticity
- Prejudice
- Risky Shift
- Routes to Persuasion, Central and Peripheral
- Self-Categorization Theory
- Significance, Need for
- Similarity-Attraction
- Social Categories
- Social Cognition
- Source Bias
- Stereotypes
- Symbolic Racism
- Tolerance for Ambiguity
- Group Identities and Influence
- Activism
- Aggressive Capitulation
- Agonism
- American Exceptionalism
- Assimilation
- Civil Disobedience
- Conflicts, Protracted
- Conformity
- Death of Leaders
- Deviance and Control
- Egocentrism
- Ethnic Revival
- Ethnicity
- Ethnocentrism
- Feminism
- First Ladies
- Gender Bias
- Genetic Essentialism
- Genocide
- Group Ideologies
- Groupthink
- Identity Politics
- Intractable Conflicts
- Mass Political Behavior
- Mutual Radicalization
- National Character
- Nationalism
- Nonviolence
- Obedience
- Patriotism
- Political Plasticity
- Political Psychologies of Terrorism
- Pressure Groups
- Race and Ethnicity
- Slavery in America
- Social Class
- Social Networking
- Social Stratification and Inequality
- Sociobiology
- Values and Politics
- Women and Leadership
- Individual Political Behavior
- Attitudes
- Authoritarian Personality
- Authoritarianism
- Barber’s Typology of Presidential Character
- Bully Pulpit
- Charisma
- Cognitive Dissonance
- Cyberactivism
- Economics and Political Behavior
- Emotions and Voting
- False Consciousness
- Followership and Personality
- F-Scale
- Greenstein’s Six Components of Presidential Leadership
- Irrationality
- Lone Wolf Terrorism
- Machiavellianism
- Military Action
- Narcissism
- Narcissistic Personality Inventory
- Neustadt’s Theory of Presidential Power
- Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
- Parental Worldview and Children
- Patrimonialism
- Political Plasticity
- Powerlessness
- Praetorianism
- Psychobiography
- Psychodynamic Theory
- Saber Rattling
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- Selfish Gene
- Sultanism
- Values and Politics
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- Dependency Theory
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- Language Death
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- United Nations
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- Affirmative Action
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- Rule of Law
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- Tokenism
- Torture
- Tragedy of the Commons
- Utopia
- Media, Discourse, and Communications
- Art in Political Campaigns
- Assassinations/Violence in Politics
- Business in Politics
- Conspiracies
- Cyberactivism
- Cyberwar
- Diplomacy
- Dogmatism
- Hypocrisy Paradigm
- Mass Communication
- Media Framing
- Mediation Skills
- Mission Statements
- Mutual Radicalization
- Name Order
- News, Television
- Personality Traits
- Political Apologies
- Political Campaigns
- Political Candidates, Physical Appearance of
- Political Deliberation
- Political Discourse
- Political Indoctrination
- Political Mandates
- Political Persuasion and Rhetoric
- Political Socialization
- Political Symbolism
- Politics After Tragedy
- Polling
- Print Media
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- Public Opinion
- Source Bias
- Talking Heads and Political Campaigns
- Policies and Political Behavior
- “Spoiler” Effect in Politics
- Caste System
- Citizenship
- Civil-Military Relations
- Counterinsurgency
- Crisis Decision Making and Management
- Defense Planning
- Deterrence and Crime
- Deterrence and International Relations
- Districting
- End to Terrorism, Theories of
- English-Only Movement
- Environmental Skepticism
- Extradition
- Feckless Pluralism
- Hearts and Minds Approach
- Immigration
- Keynesian Economics
- Multiculturalism
- Negative Peace
- Omniculturalism
- Peacemaking
- Positive Peace
- Public Goods
- Reconciliation
- Refugees
- Rentier State
- Rent-Seeking Behavior
- Social Welfare
- State-Sponsored Terror
- Third Party
- Values and Politics
- Political Systems
- Bicameralism
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- Bureaucratic Structure
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- Civic and Political Knowledge and Skills
- Clientelism
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- Democracy
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- Direct Versus Indirect Democracy
- Duverger’s Law on Elections
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- Electoralism
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- Marxism
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- Political Ideology
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- Proletariat and Capitalism
- Public Goods
- Representative Democracy
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- Strong President Model
- Term Limits
- Totalitarianism
- Unicameralism
- Security and Terrorism
- al Qaeda
- Asymmetric Warfare
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- Hostage Taking
- Human Trafficking
- Islamic State
- Maritime Terrorism
- Mutual Radicalization
- Narcoterrorism
- Nuclear Taboo
- Political Psychologies of Terrorism
- Refugees
- State Development
- State-Sponsored Terror
- Terrorism, Theories and Models
- Terrorist Networks
- Transitioning Fragile States
- Wars of Attrition
- Social Political Movements
- Alienation
- Biopolitics
- Brand Identification and Loyalty
- Cyberactivism
- Gerontology, Sociopolitical
- Get-Out-the-Vote Efforts
- Internet Jihadism
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- Jihad
- Mutual Radicalization
- Neoliberalism
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- Self-Help Ideology
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- Values and Politics
- Women’s Liberation Movement
- Youth and Political Change
- Theories of Political Behavior
- End of History and the Last Man, The (Fukuyama)
- Absolutism
- Bellicism
- Clash of Civilizations
- Conflict Theory, Realistic
- Contact Theory
- Counter-Elite
- Development, Theories of
- Dominant Power Politics
- Egoistical Relative Deprivation
- Elite Decision Making
- Elite Theory (Pareto)
- End of History Thesis for Corporate Law
- End to Terrorism, Theories of
- Essentialism
- Extended Contact
- Functionalism
- Group Relative Deprivation
- Imagined Contact
- Indoctrination
- Legitimacy, Forms of
- Liberalism
- Malthusian Cycle
- Materialism: Rational and Psychological Perspectives
- Meritocracy
- Nationalism
- New Left
- Pacifism
- Positioning Theory
- Prisoner’s Dilemma
- Realism
- Relative Deprivation Theory
- Resource Mobilization
- Ripeness Theory and Conflict Resolution
- Sleeper Effect
- Social Contract
- Social Dominance Orientation
- Social Dominance Theory
- Social Identity Theory
- Social Investment Theory
- Springboard Model of Dictatorship
- Stability-Instability Paradox
- State-Sponsored Terror
- System Justification
- Terror Management Theory
- Terrorism, Theories and Models
- Transitology
- Veil of Ignorance in Rawlsian Theory
- Voting Behavior, Theories of
- Weber’s Protestant Ethic
- Voting Behavior and Political Campaigns
- Advocacy
- Allocation
- Blue-Dog Democrats
- Civic and Political Knowledge and Skills
- Decision Making
- Disengagement
- Economic-Based Voting Blocs
- Emotions and Political Decision Making
- Emotions and Voting
- Ethnicity-Based Voting Blocs
- Expected-Utility Model
- Framing Effects
- Heuristics
- Hierarchy of Needs
- Implicit Association Test
- Implicit Cognitive Processes and Voting
- Life Cycle Effects
- Lobbying
- Minority Voters
- Motivated Reasoning
- Party Identification
- Party List
- Party Systems
- Political Participation
- Political Plasticity
- Prospect Theory
- Rational Choice
- Religion-Based Voting Blocs
- Religiosity
- Rural Voters
- Social Capital
- Suburban Voters
- Trust
- Urban Voters
- Voter Disenfranchisement
- Voter Identification
- Voter Mobility
- Voting Behavior, Theories of
- Voting, History of
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