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Lifestyle Drugs
The term lifestyle drug is imprecise, commonly applied to medications that treat non-lifethreatening illnesses or perceived deficiencies in physical, mental, or emotional states of normal human beings. Promoting and using medications for lifestyle enhancement involves a difficult balance between medical definitions of what constitutes a disease and consumers’ beliefs of what they want in the way of optimal functioning and well-being. The development, promotion, and use of lifestyle drugs has increased considerably since the 1990s, producing regulatory, financial, and ethical concerns.
Lifestyle Medicines: Definitions and Meanings
The classic definition of a drug is a chemical that produces a change in current physiological or mental functioning in the human body. Other than drugs used for primarily social or recreational purposes (e.g., alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine), most drugs are ...
- Branches of Pharmacology
- Business of Pharmacology
- Diffusion of New Pharmaceutical Drugs
- Disease Management
- Dosage Safety Measures
- Drug Discovery and Development
- Equity Pricing of Essential Medicines
- Generic Medicines
- Gray Market Drugs
- Me Too Drugs
- Medication Therapy Management (MTM)
- Pharmacists: Training and Certification
- Pharmacy Benefit Managers
- Pharmacy Technicians: Training and Certification
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Asia
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Australia
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Canada
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Europe
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: U.S.
- Rational Drug Design
- Technology and Pharmacy Practice
- TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), Doha Declaration, and TRIPS Plus
- Data Sources
- Adjudicated Claims Data
- Adverse Drug Events Reporting Systems
- Canadian Provincial Databases
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- ENCePP Database (European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance)
- General Practice Research Database (UK)
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
- Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)
- HMO Research Network (19 Regional Health Care Delivery Organizations)
- Hospital Administrative Data
- Medicaid and Medicare Systems
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PHARMO Record Linkage System (The Netherlands)
- Prescription-Event Monitoring (PEM) Database (University of Portsmouth, UK)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
- World Health Organization
- Ethical Issues in Pharmacology
- Abuse of Prescription Drugs
- Access to Medicines (Developing World)
- Access to Medicines (Industrialized World)
- Acetaminophen Overdose Risk
- Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) and Adverse Events (AE)
- Antiaging Medicines
- Chemoprevention
- Cosmetic Pharmacology
- Counterfeit Drugs/Medicines
- Discrimination in Prescribing Practice
- Drug Allergies
- Drug Interactions
- Fertility Drugs
- Homeopathy
- Hospice Treatment
- Lethal Injection
- Lifestyle Drugs
- Medicinal Plant Species Threatened With Extinction
- Military Pharmaceutical Issues
- Normal: Definitions and Controversy
- Orphan Diseases, Drugs for
- Pain Control
- Pharmaceutical Fraud
- Pharmaceutical Policy: International Cooperation
- Pharmacovigilance
- Prison Pharmaceutical Issues
- Rational Prescribing
- Smuggling of Drugs of Abuse
- Smuggling of Prescription Drugs
- Tuskegee Experiment
- WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines
- Infrastructure of Pharmacology
- American Board of Clinical Pharmacology
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy
- American Pharmacists Association
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
- British Pharmacological Society, The
- Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- Cuban Society for Pharmacology
- Drug Enforcement Administration (U.S.)
- EudraCT (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials)
- EudraPharm (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmaceutical Database)
- European Medicines Agency
- Food and Drug Administration (U.S.)
- International Pharmaceutical Federation
- International Society for Ethnopharmacology
- International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology
- International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Marketed Health Products Directorate (Canada)
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NIH)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH)
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
- Pharmaceutical Law
- Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
- Pharmacology for Africa Initiative
- Safety Pharmacology Society
- Swiss Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention
- Yellow Card Scheme
- Laws and Regulations
- Common Rule, The
- Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act (1996)
- Conscience Clause
- Controlled Substances Act
- Declaration of Helsinki (1975)
- Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965
- Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
- False Claims Act (“Lincoln Law”)
- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
- Intellectual Property Rights
- International Opium Convention (1912)
- Kefauver-Harris Amendments (1962)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (Canada)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (Europe)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (Israel)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (U.S.)
- Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003)
- Mental Health Parity
- National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
- Off-Label Use of Pharmaceuticals
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
- Pediatric Rule (U.S., 1998)
- Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)
- Project Bioshield Act (2004)
- Pseudoephedrine, Restriction of Access to
- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
- Scheduled Drugs (U.S.)
- Title X Family Planning Program (1970)
- Pharmaceutical Companies
- Abbott Laboratories
- Actavis
- Allergan
- Amgen
- Astellas Pharma
- AstraZeneca
- Baxter International
- Bayer
- Biogen Idec
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Celgene
- Daiichi Sankyo
- Eisai
- Eli Lilly
- Genentech
- Gilead Sciences
- Johnson & Johnson
- Merck
- Mylan
- Novo Nordisk
- Nycomed
- Pfizer
- Procter & Gamble
- Sanofi-Aventis
- Sinopharm Group Company Limited
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Pharmacological Issues in Society
- Game of Shadows (Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams)
- Advertising to Doctors
- Advertising to Patients
- Anabolic Steroids (Sport)
- Anti-Doping Convention, Council of Europe
- Arts: Prescription Drugs and Creativity
- Astemizole (Hismanal) Controversy
- BALCO Scandal
- Baseball and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Beta-Blockers (Sport)
- Biological Passport (Sport)
- Blood Doping
- Boxing and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Canada: Variation in Prescription Drug Benefits by Province/Territory
- Cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) Controversy
- Clinical Pharmacology: Developing Countries
- Clinical Pharmacology: Industrialized Countries
- Cycling and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- DES (Diethylstilbestrol) Controversy
- Diuretics and Masking Agents (Sport)
- Drug Labeling: Developing World
- Drug Labeling: Industrialized World
- Drug Testing, High School and College Athletes (U.S.)
- Drug Testing, Olympic Athletes (Overview)
- Drug Testing, Professional Athletes (Overview)
- Drugs as Study Aids
- Efalizumab (Raptiva) Controversy
- EPO (Erythropoietin)
- Ethics of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport
- Fen-Phen (Fenfluramine/Phentermine) Controversy
- Fluoridation (Drinking Water)
- Football (American) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Geographic Variation in Prescribing Practices
- Glucocorticosteroids (Sport)
- Human Subjects Research in Developing Countries
- Human Subjects Research: Standards and Protections
- Legal Issues in Testing for Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Levamisole (Ergamisol) Controversy
- Mail-Order Pharmacies
- Medicaid: Prescription Drug Benefits
- Medicare: Prescription Drug Benefits
- Methaqualone (Quaalude) Controversy
- Nomifensine (Merital, Alival) Controversy
- Olympics, Summer: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Olympics, Winter: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Online Pharmacies
- Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
- Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports: History
- Pharmaceutical Benefits Within Health Insurance Plans: U.S.
- Phenacetin Controversy
- Phenformin (Azucaps) Controversy
- Polypharmacy
- Reimportation of Prescription Drugs
- Rimonabant (Acomplia) Controversy
- Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Controversy
- SCHIP (State Children’s Health Insurance Program): Prescription Drug Benefits
- Sex Offenders, Pharmacological Interventions for
- Sex Reassignment Therapy and Prescription Drugs
- Shooting Sports and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- State-Sponsored Sports Doping Programs
- Stimulants (Sport)
- Swimming and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Tennis and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Thalidomide (Contergan) Controversy
- Therapeutic Use Exemption (Performance-Enhancing Drugs)
- Track and Field and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Trovafloxacin (Trovan) Controversy
- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency
- Vaccination: National and International Programs
- Veterans Administration (U.S.): Prescription Drug Benefits
- Water Pollution (Prescription Drugs)
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
- Zero-Tolerance Drug Policies
- Zimelidine (Zelmid) Controversy
- Pharmacology Around the World
- Public Health Issues
- Addiction to Prescription Drugs
- Adherence to Prescription Directions
- Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
- Autism and Vaccines
- Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course
- Drug-Resistant Diseases
- Fertility Control
- Harm Reduction Policies
- Heroin-Assisted Treatment
- MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
- Research in Pharmacology
- Social History of Pharmacology
- Canon of Medicine, The (Avicenna)
- Curandero
- Egbogi (Traditional Yoruba Medicine)
- Jamu (Traditional Indonesian Medicine)
- Kampo (Traditional Japanese Medicine)
- Materia Medica
- Muti (Traditional Southern African Medicine)
- Nganga (Traditional African Healers)
- Noonday Demon, The: An Atlas of Depression (Andrew Solomon)
- Touched With Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (Jamison)
- Unani (Muslim Traditional Medicine)
- Access to Essential Medicines as a Human Right: History
- Aloe Vera (Herbal Medicine)
- Antibiotic Revolution, The
- Antipsychiatry Movement
- Aspirin
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Belladonna (Traditional Medicine/Poison)
- Chamomile (Herbal Medicine)
- Chili (Capsaicin)
- Deinstitutionalization Movement
- Digitalis
- Disease Concept of Addiction: History
- Ephedra (Herbal Medicine)
- Fertility Control: History
- Ginseng (Herbal Medicine)
- History of Pharmacological Treatments for Mental Health
- History of Pharmacology: Ancient China
- History of Pharmacology: Ancient Egypt
- History of Pharmacology: Europe
- History of Pharmacology: Europe, Middle Ages
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1865 to 1900
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1900 to 1945
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1945 to Present
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., Colonial Period to 1865
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Africa
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Europe
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Middle East
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: United States
- Mass Drug Administration
- Naturopathy
- Neuro-Enhancement Through Pharmacy
- Nutritional Supplements: History
- Opiate Replacement Programs
- Opium (Herbal Medicine)
- Patient Activism
- Patient Rights
- Pharmacology to Control and Punish
- Polio Eradication Campaign
- RAND Health Insurance Experiment (1974–1982)
- Siddha Medicine (Dravidian Culture)
- Smallpox Eradication
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Africa
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Australia and New Zealand
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Canada
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: East Asia
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Europe
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Latin America
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: South Asia
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: United States
- Traditional Medicine: Australia (Bush Medicine)
- Traditional Medicine: Central America
- Traditional Medicine: China
- Traditional Medicine: Native American Tribes
- Traditional Medicine: South Africa
- Traditional Medicine: South America
- Traditional Medicine: Tibet
- Traditional Medicine: Vietnam
- Tylenol Tampering Case
- Valerian (Herbal Medicine)
- Venereal Disease Treatment: History
- Specific Drugs/Drugs for Specific Conditions
- ADHD Drugs
- AIDS/HIV Drugs
- Alcohol Cessation Drugs
- Amphetamines
- Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (WHO)
- Antianxiety Drugs
- Antiasthma Drugs
- Antibiotics
- Anticaries Drugs
- Anticholesterol Drugs
- Anticoagulants
- Anticonvulsant Drugs
- Antidepressants
- Antidiabetic Medications
- Antihistamines
- Antihypertensive Drugs
- Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Antimalarials
- Antiparasitic Drugs
- Antipsychotics
- Antipyretic Drugs
- Appetite Depressants and Stimulants
- Bath Salts (Synthetic Cathinones)
- Cancer, Drug Treatments for
- Cardiovascular Drugs
- Central Nervous System Depressants and Stimulants
- Chemical Fertilizers: Human Health Effects
- Club Drugs
- Cocaine
- Cognitive Enhancers
- Decongestants
- Diuretics
- Food Additives
- Gastric Drugs
- Hallucinogens
- Heroin
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Hypnotics and Sedatives
- Ibogaine
- Inhalants
- Khat
- LSD
- Lyme Disease, Treatments for
- MDMA (Ecstasy)
- Methamphetamine
- Narcotic Antagonists
- Narcotics (Prescription)
- Nicotine
- Pain Disorders
- PCP (Drug of Abuse)
- Pesticides: Human Health Effects
- Phytochemicals
- Salvia (Drug of Abuse)
- Smoking Cessation Drugs
- Sunscreening Agents
- Synthetic Marijuana
- Tranquilizers
- Vaccines
- Venereal Diseases, Treatments for
- Specific Populations
- Adolescents
- African Americans
- Asian Americans
- Athletes
- Children
- Developing Countries, Residents of
- Elderly People
- Hispanic Americans
- Immigrants and Refugees
- Indigenous and Ethnic Minorities: Aotearoa New Zealand
- Low-Income People
- Low-Literacy and Illiterate People
- Men
- Native Americans/Alaska Natives
- Native Hawai‘ians/Pacific Islanders
- Racial Minorities: Asia
- Racial Minorities: Canada
- Racial Minorities: Caribbean
- Racial Minorities: Europe
- Racial Minorities: Latin America
- Sexual Minorities
- Women
- University Research Programs
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