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Belgium
Belgium is a country in western Europe and is a member of the European Union. It is 11,787 square miles (about 30,528 square kilometers) in size and has a population of 11 million. It is divided into two main regions, Flanders and Wallonia. Flemish (or Belgian Dutch) is the main language of the former, while the latter has both French- and German-speaking areas. Belgium is a developed nation and offers high-quality health care to its citizens.
Knowledge of traditional medicine in Belgium dates back to the Middle Ages when herbalism was widespread throughout Europe. This was a time when monks were translating ancient texts from Greece, Rome, and the Middle East. These texts contained a great deal of information on medical treatments derived from plants ...
- Branches of Pharmacology
- Business of Pharmacology
- Diffusion of New Pharmaceutical Drugs
- Disease Management
- Dosage Safety Measures
- Drug Discovery and Development
- Equity Pricing of Essential Medicines
- Generic Medicines
- Gray Market Drugs
- Me Too Drugs
- Medication Therapy Management (MTM)
- Pharmacists: Training and Certification
- Pharmacy Benefit Managers
- Pharmacy Technicians: Training and Certification
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Asia
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Australia
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Canada
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: Europe
- Prescription Drug Approval Process: U.S.
- Rational Drug Design
- Technology and Pharmacy Practice
- TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), Doha Declaration, and TRIPS Plus
- Data Sources
- Adjudicated Claims Data
- Adverse Drug Events Reporting Systems
- Canadian Provincial Databases
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- ENCePP Database (European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance)
- General Practice Research Database (UK)
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
- Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)
- HMO Research Network (19 Regional Health Care Delivery Organizations)
- Hospital Administrative Data
- Medicaid and Medicare Systems
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PHARMO Record Linkage System (The Netherlands)
- Prescription-Event Monitoring (PEM) Database (University of Portsmouth, UK)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
- World Health Organization
- Ethical Issues in Pharmacology
- Abuse of Prescription Drugs
- Access to Medicines (Developing World)
- Access to Medicines (Industrialized World)
- Acetaminophen Overdose Risk
- Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) and Adverse Events (AE)
- Antiaging Medicines
- Chemoprevention
- Cosmetic Pharmacology
- Counterfeit Drugs/Medicines
- Discrimination in Prescribing Practice
- Drug Allergies
- Drug Interactions
- Fertility Drugs
- Homeopathy
- Hospice Treatment
- Lethal Injection
- Lifestyle Drugs
- Medicinal Plant Species Threatened With Extinction
- Military Pharmaceutical Issues
- Normal: Definitions and Controversy
- Orphan Diseases, Drugs for
- Pain Control
- Pharmaceutical Fraud
- Pharmaceutical Policy: International Cooperation
- Pharmacovigilance
- Prison Pharmaceutical Issues
- Rational Prescribing
- Smuggling of Drugs of Abuse
- Smuggling of Prescription Drugs
- Tuskegee Experiment
- WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines
- Infrastructure of Pharmacology
- American Board of Clinical Pharmacology
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy
- American Pharmacists Association
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
- British Pharmacological Society, The
- Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- Cuban Society for Pharmacology
- Drug Enforcement Administration (U.S.)
- EudraCT (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials)
- EudraPharm (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmaceutical Database)
- European Medicines Agency
- Food and Drug Administration (U.S.)
- International Pharmaceutical Federation
- International Society for Ethnopharmacology
- International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology
- International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Marketed Health Products Directorate (Canada)
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NIH)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH)
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
- Pharmaceutical Law
- Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
- Pharmacology for Africa Initiative
- Safety Pharmacology Society
- Swiss Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention
- Yellow Card Scheme
- Laws and Regulations
- Common Rule, The
- Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act (1996)
- Conscience Clause
- Controlled Substances Act
- Declaration of Helsinki (1975)
- Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965
- Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
- False Claims Act (“Lincoln Law”)
- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
- Intellectual Property Rights
- International Opium Convention (1912)
- Kefauver-Harris Amendments (1962)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (Canada)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (Europe)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (Israel)
- Medical Marijuana Legislation (U.S.)
- Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003)
- Mental Health Parity
- National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
- Off-Label Use of Pharmaceuticals
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
- Pediatric Rule (U.S., 1998)
- Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)
- Project Bioshield Act (2004)
- Pseudoephedrine, Restriction of Access to
- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
- Scheduled Drugs (U.S.)
- Title X Family Planning Program (1970)
- Pharmaceutical Companies
- Abbott Laboratories
- Actavis
- Allergan
- Amgen
- Astellas Pharma
- AstraZeneca
- Baxter International
- Bayer
- Biogen Idec
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Celgene
- Daiichi Sankyo
- Eisai
- Eli Lilly
- Genentech
- Gilead Sciences
- Johnson & Johnson
- Merck
- Mylan
- Novo Nordisk
- Nycomed
- Pfizer
- Procter & Gamble
- Sanofi-Aventis
- Sinopharm Group Company Limited
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Pharmacological Issues in Society
- Game of Shadows (Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams)
- Advertising to Doctors
- Advertising to Patients
- Anabolic Steroids (Sport)
- Anti-Doping Convention, Council of Europe
- Arts: Prescription Drugs and Creativity
- Astemizole (Hismanal) Controversy
- BALCO Scandal
- Baseball and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Beta-Blockers (Sport)
- Biological Passport (Sport)
- Blood Doping
- Boxing and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Canada: Variation in Prescription Drug Benefits by Province/Territory
- Cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) Controversy
- Clinical Pharmacology: Developing Countries
- Clinical Pharmacology: Industrialized Countries
- Cycling and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- DES (Diethylstilbestrol) Controversy
- Diuretics and Masking Agents (Sport)
- Drug Labeling: Developing World
- Drug Labeling: Industrialized World
- Drug Testing, High School and College Athletes (U.S.)
- Drug Testing, Olympic Athletes (Overview)
- Drug Testing, Professional Athletes (Overview)
- Drugs as Study Aids
- Efalizumab (Raptiva) Controversy
- EPO (Erythropoietin)
- Ethics of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport
- Fen-Phen (Fenfluramine/Phentermine) Controversy
- Fluoridation (Drinking Water)
- Football (American) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Geographic Variation in Prescribing Practices
- Glucocorticosteroids (Sport)
- Human Subjects Research in Developing Countries
- Human Subjects Research: Standards and Protections
- Legal Issues in Testing for Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Levamisole (Ergamisol) Controversy
- Mail-Order Pharmacies
- Medicaid: Prescription Drug Benefits
- Medicare: Prescription Drug Benefits
- Methaqualone (Quaalude) Controversy
- Nomifensine (Merital, Alival) Controversy
- Olympics, Summer: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Olympics, Winter: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Online Pharmacies
- Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
- Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports: History
- Pharmaceutical Benefits Within Health Insurance Plans: U.S.
- Phenacetin Controversy
- Phenformin (Azucaps) Controversy
- Polypharmacy
- Reimportation of Prescription Drugs
- Rimonabant (Acomplia) Controversy
- Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Controversy
- SCHIP (State Children’s Health Insurance Program): Prescription Drug Benefits
- Sex Offenders, Pharmacological Interventions for
- Sex Reassignment Therapy and Prescription Drugs
- Shooting Sports and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- State-Sponsored Sports Doping Programs
- Stimulants (Sport)
- Swimming and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Tennis and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Thalidomide (Contergan) Controversy
- Therapeutic Use Exemption (Performance-Enhancing Drugs)
- Track and Field and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Trovafloxacin (Trovan) Controversy
- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency
- Vaccination: National and International Programs
- Veterans Administration (U.S.): Prescription Drug Benefits
- Water Pollution (Prescription Drugs)
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
- Zero-Tolerance Drug Policies
- Zimelidine (Zelmid) Controversy
- Pharmacology Around the World
- Public Health Issues
- Addiction to Prescription Drugs
- Adherence to Prescription Directions
- Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
- Autism and Vaccines
- Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course
- Drug-Resistant Diseases
- Fertility Control
- Harm Reduction Policies
- Heroin-Assisted Treatment
- MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
- Research in Pharmacology
- Social History of Pharmacology
- Canon of Medicine, The (Avicenna)
- Curandero
- Egbogi (Traditional Yoruba Medicine)
- Jamu (Traditional Indonesian Medicine)
- Kampo (Traditional Japanese Medicine)
- Materia Medica
- Muti (Traditional Southern African Medicine)
- Nganga (Traditional African Healers)
- Noonday Demon, The: An Atlas of Depression (Andrew Solomon)
- Touched With Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (Jamison)
- Unani (Muslim Traditional Medicine)
- Access to Essential Medicines as a Human Right: History
- Aloe Vera (Herbal Medicine)
- Antibiotic Revolution, The
- Antipsychiatry Movement
- Aspirin
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Belladonna (Traditional Medicine/Poison)
- Chamomile (Herbal Medicine)
- Chili (Capsaicin)
- Deinstitutionalization Movement
- Digitalis
- Disease Concept of Addiction: History
- Ephedra (Herbal Medicine)
- Fertility Control: History
- Ginseng (Herbal Medicine)
- History of Pharmacological Treatments for Mental Health
- History of Pharmacology: Ancient China
- History of Pharmacology: Ancient Egypt
- History of Pharmacology: Europe
- History of Pharmacology: Europe, Middle Ages
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1865 to 1900
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1900 to 1945
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1945 to Present
- History of Pharmacology: U.S., Colonial Period to 1865
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Africa
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Europe
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Middle East
- History of Pharmacy as a Profession: United States
- Mass Drug Administration
- Naturopathy
- Neuro-Enhancement Through Pharmacy
- Nutritional Supplements: History
- Opiate Replacement Programs
- Opium (Herbal Medicine)
- Patient Activism
- Patient Rights
- Pharmacology to Control and Punish
- Polio Eradication Campaign
- RAND Health Insurance Experiment (1974–1982)
- Siddha Medicine (Dravidian Culture)
- Smallpox Eradication
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Africa
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Australia and New Zealand
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Canada
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: East Asia
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Europe
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Latin America
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: South Asia
- Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: United States
- Traditional Medicine: Australia (Bush Medicine)
- Traditional Medicine: Central America
- Traditional Medicine: China
- Traditional Medicine: Native American Tribes
- Traditional Medicine: South Africa
- Traditional Medicine: South America
- Traditional Medicine: Tibet
- Traditional Medicine: Vietnam
- Tylenol Tampering Case
- Valerian (Herbal Medicine)
- Venereal Disease Treatment: History
- Specific Drugs/Drugs for Specific Conditions
- ADHD Drugs
- AIDS/HIV Drugs
- Alcohol Cessation Drugs
- Amphetamines
- Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (WHO)
- Antianxiety Drugs
- Antiasthma Drugs
- Antibiotics
- Anticaries Drugs
- Anticholesterol Drugs
- Anticoagulants
- Anticonvulsant Drugs
- Antidepressants
- Antidiabetic Medications
- Antihistamines
- Antihypertensive Drugs
- Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Antimalarials
- Antiparasitic Drugs
- Antipsychotics
- Antipyretic Drugs
- Appetite Depressants and Stimulants
- Bath Salts (Synthetic Cathinones)
- Cancer, Drug Treatments for
- Cardiovascular Drugs
- Central Nervous System Depressants and Stimulants
- Chemical Fertilizers: Human Health Effects
- Club Drugs
- Cocaine
- Cognitive Enhancers
- Decongestants
- Diuretics
- Food Additives
- Gastric Drugs
- Hallucinogens
- Heroin
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Hypnotics and Sedatives
- Ibogaine
- Inhalants
- Khat
- LSD
- Lyme Disease, Treatments for
- MDMA (Ecstasy)
- Methamphetamine
- Narcotic Antagonists
- Narcotics (Prescription)
- Nicotine
- Pain Disorders
- PCP (Drug of Abuse)
- Pesticides: Human Health Effects
- Phytochemicals
- Salvia (Drug of Abuse)
- Smoking Cessation Drugs
- Sunscreening Agents
- Synthetic Marijuana
- Tranquilizers
- Vaccines
- Venereal Diseases, Treatments for
- Specific Populations
- Adolescents
- African Americans
- Asian Americans
- Athletes
- Children
- Developing Countries, Residents of
- Elderly People
- Hispanic Americans
- Immigrants and Refugees
- Indigenous and Ethnic Minorities: Aotearoa New Zealand
- Low-Income People
- Low-Literacy and Illiterate People
- Men
- Native Americans/Alaska Natives
- Native Hawai‘ians/Pacific Islanders
- Racial Minorities: Asia
- Racial Minorities: Canada
- Racial Minorities: Caribbean
- Racial Minorities: Europe
- Racial Minorities: Latin America
- Sexual Minorities
- Women
- University Research Programs
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