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Mind-Set
Mind-sets can be thought of as psychological orientations that influence how individuals construe and interact with the world. For example, some people might construe a meeting with a boss as an opportunity to advance and get ahead—a promotion-focus mind-set. In contrast, other people might construe the exact same meeting as an obligation where their focal objective is to avoid making mistakes and looking bad—a prevention-focus mind-set. Across the life span, mind-sets can affect how people make judgments and decisions. In this entry, we provide an overview of mind-sets that people gravitate to and how mind-sets can vary both across situations and across one’s life span.
Types of Mind-Sets
A first pair of mind-sets is promotion and prevention focus. A promotion-focus mind-set focuses individuals on nurturance goals and ...
- Aging
- Adult Capacity and Legal Guardianship
- Adult Children
- Adult Day Services
- Age Discrimination
- Age-Irrelevant Society
- Ageism
- Aging
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Assisted Living
- Bereavement
- Bridge Employment
- Caregivers of Older Adults
- Centenarian
- Closure and Grief
- College Education, Long-Term Benefits of
- Death Rates, Leading Causes by Developmental Period
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Pensions
- Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Order
- Driving and Mobility in Late Life
- Elder Abuse
- Empty Nest
- End-of-Life Care
- Evolutionary Theories of Aging
- Frailty
- Generativity
- Gerontology
- Good Death
- Grandparents
- Grief
- Hospice Care
- Integrity Versus Despair
- Late Versus Early Parenthood
- Life Expectancy
- Life Narrative
- Life Review
- Life-Span Research Projects
- Living Will
- Longevity
- Mandatory Retirement
- Mastery Across Adulthood
- Menopausal Hormone Therapy
- Menopause
- Middle Age/Midlife
- Nursing Homes and Skilled Nursing Facilities
- Old Age
- Oldest Old
- Palliative Care
- Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
- Pivot Generation
- Population Aging
- Positivity Effect
- Presbyopia and Diseases of the Eye in Late Life
- Programmed Theories of Aging
- Retirement
- Senescence
- Skill Attainment and Loss
- Stereotype Threat
- Stereotypes of Aging
- Successful Aging
- Supercentenarian
- Technology and Aging
- Terminal Decline
- Visual Disorders: Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Cataracts
- Widow, Widower
- Wisdom
- Behavior
- Activities
- Adaptive Functioning
- Agency
- Alcohol Use
- Alcohol Use Disorders
- Anger and Aggression
- Antisocial/Conduct Disorder, Externalizing Behaviors
- Attachment
- Attention
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Attributions
- Behavior Genetics
- Behavior Therapy
- Behavioral Inhibition (Shyness)
- Binge Drinking
- Bulimia
- Bullying
- Cliques and Social Groups
- Conformity
- Cooperation
- Creativity
- Cyberbullying
- Dating
- Deception
- Decision-Making
- Delinquency
- Eating Disorders
- Exercise
- Extracurricular Activities
- Gestures
- Goals
- Habit
- Habituation and Novelty
- Honesty and Lying
- Imitation
- Impulsivity
- Inhibition
- Intentionality
- Maltreatment
- Meditation
- Nonverbal Communication
- Perfectionism
- Phobias
- Play
- Praise
- Pretense
- Prosocial Behavior
- Reward Sensitivity
- Risk-Taking
- Ritual
- Role Taking
- Self-Deception
- Self-Regulation
- Sensation Seeking
- Sexual Behavior
- Sexual Risk Behaviors
- Social and Emotional Behavior
- Social Referencing
- Social Withdrawal/Solitude
- Speech
- Stranger Wariness
- Substance Use
- Suicidal Ideation and Behavior
- Trust
- Cognitive Development
- Academic Achievement
- Ages and Stages
- Analogical Reasoning
- Art
- Assisted Imitation
- Attention
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Attributions
- Autobiographical Memory
- Automaticity
- Awareness
- Beliefs
- Bilingual Education
- Bilingualism
- Categorization
- Classrooms
- Cognitive Atypicality
- Cognitive Development
- Cognitive Schemas
- Cognitive Training and Cognitive Intervention
- College Education, Long-Term Benefits of
- Competence Versus Performance
- Consciousness
- Creativity
- Critical Thinking
- Cross-Pollination in Cognitive Development
- Curriculum
- Decision-Making
- Developmental Plasticity
- Dreaming
- Educational Attainment
- Effortful Control
- Executive Control
- Executive Functioning
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Facial Expressions, Perception of
- Fantasy–Reality Distinction
- Flow
- Future Orientation (Time)
- Gender Identity Development
- Guided Participation
- Head Start
- Hearing
- Imagination
- Imitation
- Information Processing
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Intersensory Perception
- Joint Attention
- Knowledge
- Language
- Learning
- Learning Disabilities
- Literacy
- Logical Thinking
- Mathematical Thinking
- Meditation
- Memory
- Metacognition
- Mindfulness
- Mind-Mindedness
- Mind-Set
- Multiple Intelligences
- Neurocognitive Disorders
- Nonverbal Communication
- Numeracy
- Olfaction
- Perception
- Perspective Taking
- Planning Skills
- Poverty and Brain Development
- Praise
- Pretense
- Problem-Solving
- Prosocial Reasoning
- Psychological Control
- Reasoning
- Scaffolding
- School Dropout
- School Readiness
- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
- Scientific Reasoning
- Scripts
- Social Cognition
- Social Information Processing
- Specificity Principle
- Speech
- Spirituality
- Storytelling
- Symbolic Representation
- Taste
- Teachers
- Technology Use
- Theory of Mind
- Thinking
- Touch
- Universal Education
- Vision
- Community and Culture
- Acculturation
- Advertising
- Age-Irrelevant Society
- Animism
- Art
- Beliefs
- Capacity Building
- Civic Engagement
- Civic Socialization
- Classrooms
- Climate and Environment
- Cliques and Social Groups
- Community
- Community Violence
- Computer Science
- Computers and the Internet
- Conflict-Affected Countries, Children and Adolescents in
- Conformity
- Conservation
- Conservatism
- Consumption
- Cooperation
- Corporal Punishment
- Cosleeping
- Crime
- Crisis
- Cults
- Cultural Socialization
- Culture
- Curriculum
- Dance
- Death Rates, Leading Causes by Developmental Period
- Demographic Transition
- Demography
- Differential Treatment
- Digital Divide
- Disasters, Civil and Natural
- Dissent
- Dual-Earner Family
- Ecology
- Entrepreneurship
- Ethnicity
- Ethnic-Racial Socialization
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Film
- Finances
- Foster Care
- Gang Involvement
- Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Issues
- Gender
- Gender Socialization
- Geography
- Global Developmental Science
- God
- Head Start
- History
- Homelessness
- Human Rights
- Human Trafficking
- Humor
- Immigration
- Incarceration, Parental
- Inequality
- Informal Labor Market
- Inheritance
- Institutions/Orphanages
- International Child Welfare
- Justice
- Language
- Liberalism
- Lifestyles
- Low- and Middle-Income Countries
- Magic
- Mattering
- Migration
- Military Families
- Museums
- Music
- Mysticism
- Neighborhoods
- Ostracism
- Political Violence
- Poverty
- Prevention Programs
- Prison
- Property
- Public Programs for Children and Families
- Refugees
- Religion and Faith
- Rites of Passage
- Ritual
- Second-Career Pattern
- Slavery
- Social Contagion
- Social Exclusion
- Social Justice
- Social Strife
- Socialization
- Sports
- Street Life
- Teachers
- Technology Use
- Television
- Toys and Games
- Unions
- Urban and Rural Living
- Violence
- Volunteerism
- Developmental Issues
- Accommodation and Assimilation
- Adolescence
- Adult Development
- Age Periods or Stages
- Bioecological Model
- Birth Order
- Birth, Biological Perspective
- Birth, Evolutionary Perspective
- Brain Development
- Cognitive Development
- Contexts of Development
- Continuity–Discontinuity Issue
- Cross-Pollination in Cognitive Development
- Cumulative Advantage and Risk
- Development
- Developmental Cascades
- Developmental Continuity and Stability
- Developmental Niche
- Developmental Origins
- Developmental Plasticity
- Developmental Psychopathology
- Developmental Science
- Developmental Tasks
- Developmental Theory
- Developmental Timetables
- Developmental Trajectories
- Early Childhood Development
- Early Deprivation
- Early Intervention
- Embodiment
- Emerging Adulthood
- Equifinality Versus Multifinality
- Experience-Dependent, Experience-Expectant Processes
- Fetal Origins Hypothesis
- Gender Development
- Gender Identity Development
- Gender Socialization
- Gene-Environment Interplay
- Guided Participation
- Identity Development
- Infancy
- Initiative Versus Guilt
- Integrity Versus Despair
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Interventions
- Intraindividual Variability Across the Life Span
- Late Versus Early Parenthood
- Life Span
- Maturation
- Maturity
- Microgenetic Analysis
- Middle Age/Midlife
- Nature–Nurture
- Newborn Assessment
- Norms
- Observational Data
- Plasticity
- Positive Adaptations in Development
- Positive Youth Development
- Poverty and Brain Development
- Prenatal Development
- Risk and Protective Factors
- Rites of Passage
- Sensitive Period
- Set Point
- Shared and Nonshared Environment
- Socialization
- Specificity Principle
- Transition to Adulthood
- Transition to Parenthood
- Genetics and Biology
- Appetite
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Behavior Genetics
- Brain
- Brain Development
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular System
- Central Nervous System
- Circadian Rhythms
- Connectome
- Cortisol
- Down Syndrome
- Epigenetics
- Evolution
- Fertility
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Gene–Environment Correlations
- Gene–Environment Interplay
- Genetic Anomalies
- Genetics
- Genomics
- Handedness
- Hearing
- Hemispheric Lateralization
- Heredity
- Hormones
- Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis
- Menopause
- Mirror Neurons
- Molecular Genetics
- Motor Development
- Multiple Partner Fertility
- Neural Connectivity
- Neuroendocrinology
- Neurogenesis
- Neuroimaging
- Olfaction
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Development
- Pubertal Timing
- Reflexes
- Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Sensory Systems
- Set Point
- Sexual Reproduction
- Sleep
- Tanner Stages
- Taste
- Telomere
- Teratogens
- Testosterone
- Touch
- Twins
- Vision
- Health and Illness
- Adaptive Functioning
- Addiction
- Advance Directive
- Alcohol Use
- Alcohol Use Disorders
- Allergy
- Allostatic Load
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Anemia
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies
- Asthma
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Autoimmune Disease
- Binge Drinking
- Blindness
- Body Image
- Body Mass Index
- Bulimia
- Caloric Restriction
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Caregiver Stress
- Chronic Illnesses
- Chronic Stressors
- Cognitive Health
- Comorbidity/Multiple Diseases
- Compression of Morbidity
- Deafness
- Death and Dying, Children’s Understanding of
- Death With Dignity Acts
- Depression
- Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
- Developmental Psychopathology
- Diabetes
- Diet
- Disability
- Disease
- Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Order
- Down Syndrome
- Dyslexia
- Eating Disorders
- Epidemiology
- Erectile Dysfunction
- Exercise
- Fertility
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Global Child and Maternal Health
- Health
- Health and Development in the Context of Family Relationships/Family Stress
- Health Care
- Health Literacy
- HIV/AIDS
- Hormones
- Hospice Care
- Hypertension
- Illness
- Immune System
- Immunization
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Infectious Diseases
- Injury
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Learning Disabilities
- Longevity
- Maltreatment
- Maturing Out
- Medical Settings
- Menopausal Hormone Therapy
- Mental Health
- Mental Illness
- Mood Disorders
- Mortality
- Neurocognitive Disorders
- Nutrition
- Obesity
- Pain
- Palliative Care
- Patienthood
- Physical Activity
- Physical Development and Growth
- Physical Disability
- Physical Environment
- Physical Health
- Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Poverty and Brain Development
- Prenatal Development
- Presbyopia and Diseases of the Eye in Late Life
- Preterm Birth
- Schizophrenia
- Self-Care
- Sexual Development
- Sexual Maturation
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Stress
- Substance Use
- Suicide
- Telehealth
- Teratogens
- Thriving
- Traumatic Stress
- Visual Disorders
- Methods
- Adoption Design
- Assessment and Testing
- Big Data
- Biometric Data
- Case Study
- Causality
- Causation
- Cohort
- Correlational Study
- Cross-Sequential Design
- Crowdsourcing
- Debriefing
- Diary Studies/Methods
- Dyadic Data
- Dynamic Systems Theory
- Ecological Validity
- Empirical Evidence
- Ethics in Research
- Ethnographic Study
- Ethology
- Field Experiments
- Focus Groups
- Goodness of Fit
- Growth Curve Modeling and Longitudinal Factor Analysis
- Hypothesis Testing
- Individual Differences in Life-Span Development
- Informed Consent
- Intensive Measurement Designs
- Interviewing Children
- Life-Span Research Projects
- Longitudinal Versus Cross-Sectional Design, Analysis
- Measurement
- Meta-Analysis
- Microgenetic Analysis
- Mixed Method Study
- Multilevel Modeling: Application for Life-Span Research
- Naturalistic Methods
- Norms
- Observational Data
- Panel Studies
- Participant Observation
- Qualitative Methods
- Quasi-Experimental Methods
- Questionnaires
- Randomized Controlled Trials
- Reliability
- Replication
- Representativeness
- Sampling
- Secondary Data Analysis
- Self-Report Assessments
- Sleeper Effect
- Sociometric Techniques
- Standardized Tests
- Structural Equation Modeling
- Structured Observation
- Survey Research
- Survival Analysis
- Telehealth
- Time Sampling
- Twin Studies
- Validity
- Personal Characteristics
- Ability
- Achievement
- Aptitude
- Attractiveness
- Behavioral Inhibition (Shyness)
- Big Five Personality Traits
- Career Choice
- Character Strengths and Virtues
- Competence Versus Performance
- Creativity
- Dismissive-Avoidant Individuals
- Ego Development
- Egocentrism
- Ethnicity
- Expertise
- Fearful-Avoidant Individuals
- Giftedness
- Grit
- Handedness
- Identity
- Insight
- Intelligence
- Jealousy and Envy
- Joviality
- Kindness
- Motivation (Intrinsic, Extrinsic)
- Narcissism
- Optimism
- Organization
- Perfectionism
- Personality
- Physical Appearance
- Planning Skills
- Playfulness
- Pride
- Purpose
- Resilience
- Security
- Self-Esteem
- Self-Worth
- Sensation Seeking
- Sexual Identity
- Sexuality
- Skill
- Social Identity
- Temperament
- Temperament and Personality
- Tolerance
- Trustworthiness
- Well-Being
- Wisdom
- Relationships and the Social World
- Adolescent–Parent Relationships
- Adoption
- Adult Attachment
- Aggression
- Attachment
- Attraction, Interpersonal
- Autonomy-Supportive Parenting
- Beanpole Family
- Blended Family
- Caregiver Stress
- Close Relationships
- Coaching
- Cohabitation
- Convoy Model
- Coparenting
- Dating
- Diverse Families/Stepfamilies
- Divorce
- Domestic Violence/Partner Violence
- Dyadic Regulation
- Ethnic-Racial Socialization
- Familism
- Family Chaos
- Family Contexts
- Family Life Cycle
- Family Rituals
- Family Synchrony
- Family Systems
- Fathering
- Filial Anxiety
- Filial Piety
- Friendships
- Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Issues
- Gender Socialization
- Glass Ceiling
- Grandchildren
- Grandparents
- Homophily
- Household Chaos
- Household Economics
- Indirect Aggression
- Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness
- Interactions, Interpersonal
- Intergenerational Programs
- Intergenerational Relationships
- Intergenerational Transmission
- Internal Working Model
- Interpersonal Relationships
- Intersubjectivity
- Kinship
- Marital Conflict
- Marital Relationships
- Marriage
- Mattering
- Mentoring
- Multigenerational Family
- Neurobiology of Affiliation
- Neurobiology of Mothering
- Nuclear Family
- Online Communication
- Organization of Relationships: Messiness and Reparation
- Ostracism
- Parent–Child Conflict
- Parent–Child Interactions
- Parent–Child Synchrony
- Parental Authority
- Parental Conditional Regard
- Parenting
- Parenting by Lesbians and Gay Men; Outcomes for Children and Youth
- Parenting Style
- Peer Rejection
- Peer Victimization
- Peers
- Pets
- Popularity
- Public Engagement
- Remarriage
- Romantic Relationships
- School–Family Links
- Siblings, Sibling Relationships
- Single Parenthood
- Social Capital
- Social Competence
- Social Exclusion
- Social Groups
- Social Information Processing
- Social Isolation
- Social Networks
- Social Relationships
- Social Support
- Stepfamilies
- Stepfamilies and Blended Families
- Street Life
- Teen Parenthood
- Transactions
- Victimization
- Work/Family Conflict
- Services
- Adult Day Services
- Assisted Living
- Child Care
- Continuing Care Retirement Communities
- Early Child Care
- End-of-Life Care
- Government
- Hospice Care
- Medicaid
- Medicare
- Nurse Home Visiting
- Nursing Homes and Skilled Nursing Facilities
- Palliative Care
- Prevention Programs
- Public Policy
- Public Programs for Children and Families
- Social Safety Net Programs
- Social Security
- Sociocultural Constructs
- Accidents
- Adaptation
- Adversity
- Aesthetics
- Altruism
- Art
- Asceticism
- Athletics
- Attitudes
- Authority
- Awe
- Beauty
- Causality
- Census
- Conformity
- Conscience
- Dance
- Deception
- Discipline
- Dissent
- Empathy
- Ethics
- Familism
- Forgiveness
- Free Will
- Gender
- Generosity
- Glass Ceiling
- Human Rights
- Identity Development
- Ideology
- Inequality
- Insurance
- Justice
- Law
- Leadership
- Leisure
- Liberalism
- Materialism
- Mattering
- Media
- Morality
- Negotiation
- Norms
- Organizations
- Ownership
- Paradox
- Philanthropy
- Politics
- Property
- Public Engagement
- Reciprocity
- Rejection Versus Acceptance
- Sin
- Social Capital
- Social Categorization
- Social Inequality
- Social Status
- Socioeconomic Status
- Specificity Principle
- Status Hierarchy
- Stereotype (Stereotyping)
- Symbolic Representation
- Time
- Universal Education
- Values
- War
- Work
- Socioemotional Development
- Affective Forecasting
- Aggression
- Anger
- Anxiety
- Bullying
- Character Strengths and Virtues
- Child Abuse and Neglect
- Child Maltreatment
- Closure and Grief
- Compassion
- Coping
- Crying
- Cyberbullying
- Difficult Children
- Discriminating Sociability
- Discrimination/Prejudice
- Disgust
- Doubt
- Emotion Regulation
- Emotion Socialization
- Emotional Expression
- Emotional Intelligence
- Emotion-Focused Coping
- Emotions
- Empathy
- Fear
- Gender Development
- Gender Identity Development
- Gratitude
- Grief
- Guilt
- Happiness
- Hope
- Jealousy and Envy
- Life Goals
- Life Satisfaction
- Loneliness
- Love
- Parent–Child Interaction
- Persuasion
- Phobias
- Prosociality
- Psychological Needs
- Psychosexual Stages of Development
- Psychosocial Development
- Psychosocial Moratorium
- Regret
- Sadness
- Self
- Self-Actualization
- Self-Deception
- Self-Esteem
- Self-Perceptions
- Self-Regulation
- Self-Worth
- Sensation Seeking
- Sex Differences
- Sex Education
- Sexual Assault
- Sexual Attitudes
- Sexual Identity
- Sexual Risk Behaviors
- Shame
- Smile
- Social and Emotional Behavior
- Social Anxiety
- Social Development
- Social Understanding
- Sympathy
- Theory of Mind
- Trust
- Theory
- Activity Theory
- Developmental Theory
- Diathesis–Stress Model
- Dynamic Systems Theory
- Eriksonian Theory
- Ethnotheories
- Evolutionary Theories of Aging
- Information Processing
- Life History Theory
- Piaget’s Theory
- Programmed Theories of Aging
- Psychoanalytic Theory
- Relational Developmental Systems
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Social Equity Theory
- Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
- Solidarity Theory
- Specificity Principle
- Universals
- Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
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