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Sperm Donors, Unknown
This entry focuses on the dynamics and motivations among lesbian, bisexual, and queer (LBQ) women who form their families via anonymous sperm donors. Issues addressed here are the prevalence of, reasons underlying, and family processes and outcomes related to this pathway to parenthood.
Prevalence of Unknown Donor Insemination
Anonymous donor sperm is more commonly used for insemination than known donor sperm. This is in part because the potential legal and psychological threats of involving a known biological father are irrelevant in the case of unknown donor insemination (DI)—this pathway to parenthood offers the possibility of legally fatherless children. Thus, for many LBQ women and couples, pursuing anonymous DI is relatively straightforward—female same-sex couples have reported to researchers that they feel it to be the safest and ...
- Activism and Advocacy
- Activists in College
- Ally Development and Programming
- Ally Experience
- Antigay Ballot Initiatives (and LGBTQ Activism)
- Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)
- Freedom to Marry (and Other Marriage Equality Organizations)
- Gay–Straight Alliances (GSAs)
- Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
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- Human Rights Campaign
- Intersex Society of North America
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- World Professional Association for Transgender Health
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- Friendships
- HIV/AIDS and Social Support
- LGBTQ Grandparenting
- LGBTQ Online Communications: Building Community Through Blogs, Vlogs, and Facebook
- Mentoring
- PFLAG
- Relationships With Families Who Share the Same Donor
- Relationships With Parents, Youth
- Relationships With Siblings, Youth
- Romantic Friendships
- Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE)
- Sibling Relationships
- Suicide, Effects on Family and Friends
- Support Groups and Resources
- Transgender Youth and Family Relationships
- Workplace Relationships
- Intersectionalities
- African American Sexualities
- Asian American/Pacific Islander Sexualities
- Binational Same-Sex Couples and Families
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- Cultural Dissemblance (of African Americans)
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- Sperm Donor Selection and Race/Ethnicity
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- Bear Community
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- Bisexuality, Female
- Bisexuality, Male
- Bondage, Dominance/Submission, Sadism/Masochism (BDSM)
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- Community Climate
- Demographics and the LGBTQ Population
- Down Low
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- Queer
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- Sexual Fluidity
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- Strategic Disclosure
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- LGBTQ People and Aging
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- Ageisms in LGBTQ Cultures
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- Aging and Gay Men
- Aging and Lesbian Women
- Aging and Transgender People
- Aging, Sex, and Sexuality
- Aging, Social Relationships, and Support
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- Dementia
- Disabilities Among LGBTQ Elders
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- Dying, Death, and Bereavement
- Elder Abuse
- HIV/AIDS and Aging
- Powers of Attorney
- Retirement
- Senior Living Programs and Policies
- Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE)
- Wills and Trusts
- LGBTQ People, Health, and Well-Being
- Advance Health Care Planning
- Affirmative Therapy
- Anxiety
- Biphobia
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- Body Size and Weight
- Breast Care for Transgender People
- Cancer and Social Support
- Cancer in the LGBTQ Community
- Chronic Illness
- Couples Therapy
- Dementia
- Depression
- Disabilities Among LGBTQ Elders
- Discrimination on the Basis of HIV/AIDS in Health Care
- Dying, Death, and Bereavement
- Ex-Gay Movement
- Health Care Plans
- Health Care Providers, Disclosure of Sexual Identity to
- Health Care System
- Health Disparities
- Health Disparities, Transgender People
- Health Insurance Coverage for Transgender People, Access to
- History of Transgender Medicine in the United States
- HIV and Treatment
- HIV/AIDS and Aging
- HIV/AIDS and Gay Masculinity
- HIV/AIDS and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
- HIV/AIDS and Social Support
- HIV/AIDS in Prison
- HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care, Psychosocial and Structural Barriers to
- Hormones and Surgery During Gender Transition
- Hospital Visitation
- Intellectual Disabilities
- LGBTQ Health in Non-Western Contexts
- LGBTQ Parents and the Health Care System
- Marriage Equality, Effects on Well-Being and Relationships
- Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM)
- Parental Well-Being
- Physical Disabilities
- Physicians
- Posttraumatic Stress
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- Sex Therapy
- Sexology
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- Sexual Compulsivity, Treatment of
- Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy
- Sexual Risk-Taking
- Smoking
- Substance Abuse and LGBTQ People
- Substance Abuse Treatment and Recovery
- Substance Abuse/Dependence and Transgender People
- Substance Use, Youth
- Suicide, Effects on Family and Friends
- Suicide, Risk Factors for and Prevention of
- Support Groups and Resources
- Therapists’ Biases Regarding LGBTQ People
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- Therapy With Children of LGBTQ Parents
- Therapy With Families During and After Parental Gender Transition
- Therapy With LGBTQ Parents
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- Therapy With Transgender Individuals: Mental Health Considerations
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- Transgender Health Care
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- Transgender People and Binding, Tucking, and Packing
- Transgender Youth and Cross-Sex Hormones
- Transgender Youth and Puberty Suppression
- Transgender Youth and Well-Being
- Trevor Project, The
- Vaginoplasty for Transgender Women
- LGBTQ Youth
- Abstinence Only Until Marriage
- Adolescent Pregnancy
- Age of Consent
- Bullying, Legal Protections Against
- Bullying, Rates and Effects of
- Bullying, School-Based Interventions for
- Developmental Aspects of Sexuality
- Foster Care
- Gaming
- Gangs
- Gay–Straight Alliances (GSAs)
- Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
- Gender Clinics
- Gender Nonconformity, Youth
- Homophobic Language in the Peer Group
- It Gets Better
- LGBTQ Issues in K–12 Education Across Global Contexts
- LGBTQ Online Communications: Building Community Through Blogs, Vlogs, and Facebook
- No Promo Homo Policies
- Nonheterosexual Children of LGBTQ Parents
- Relationships With Parents, Youth
- Relationships With Siblings, Youth
- Religion and Spirituality, Youth
- Religious LGBTQ Youth
- Resilience and Protective Factors, Youth
- School Climate
- School Professionals’ Responses to LGBTQ Training
- Schools as Heteronormative Spaces
- School-to-Prison Pipeline
- Sexual Education Mandates for Inclusion
- Sexualities at School
- Substance Use, Youth
- Therapy With LGBTQ Youth
- Therapy With Transgender, Transsexual, and Gender-Nonconforming People
- Tomboy Experience
- Training of Teachers in LGBQ Sensitivity and Competence
- Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals and Bathrooms
- Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth and the Legal System
- Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth of Color
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- Violence and Victimization of Youth
- Youth and Dating
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- Activists in College
- Ally Development and Programming
- Ally Experience
- Campus Climate
- Career Development and Trajectories
- College Athletes
- College Students
- Fraternities and Sororities
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- LGBTQ (In)Visibility Within College Contexts
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- Transgender Students: Access to Sex-Segregated Facilities and Programs
- Marriage and Divorce
- Child Support After LGBQ Divorce/Separation
- Colorado Designated Beneficiary
- Commitment Ceremonies
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- Marriage Equality, Landmark Court Decisions
- Marriage, Reasons for and Against
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- Naming Practices
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- Wills and Trusts
- Parenting
- Adoption, Legal Considerations in
- Adoption, Openness in
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- LGBQ Parents, Coming Out to Children
- LGBTQ Grandparenting
- LGBTQ-Parent Families With More Than Two Parents
- LGBTQ-Parent Involvement and Advocacy in Schools
- Living Arrangements of Children After LGBQ Divorce/Separation
- Multiracial LGBTQ-Parent Families
- Naming Practices
- Nonbiological, Nongestational Mother
- Nonheterosexual Children of LGBTQ Parents
- Parent Gender Transition and Intimate Relationship Changes
- Parental Well-Being
- Parent-Child Relationships
- Polyamorous Parenting
- Relationships With Families Who Share the Same Donor
- Second-Parent Adoption
- Sense of Belonging/School Climate in LGBTQ-Parent Families
- Single-Parent Adoption
- Sperm Donors’ Involvement in Children’s Lives
- Stepfamily Division of Labor and Money Management
- Stepfamily Family Functioning and Relationship Stability
- Surrogacy, Legal Considerations of
- Therapy With Children of LGBTQ Parents
- Therapy With Families During and After Parental Gender Transition
- Therapy With LGBTQ Parents
- Transgender Parents and Well-Being
- Transition to Parenthood and Parental Roles
- Transition to Parenthood for LGBTQ People
- Work-Family Interface, LGBQ Parents
- Research Methods
- “Big Data” Bias in LGBTQ Research
- Disciplinary Tensions in Studying LGBTQ Populations
- Ethical Research With Sexual and Gender Minorities
- Focus Groups
- Heterosexist Bias in Research
- Methodological Decisions by Researchers of LGBTQ Populations
- Online Surveys
- Population-Based Surveys, Collection of Data on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
- Qualitative Research
- Quantitative Research
- Research, Use of Large Datasets in
- Sampling
- Scientific Integrity, Debates About
- Social Media, Use for Recruitment
- Routes to Parenthood
- Adoption and Foster Care Discrimination
- Adoption Type
- Adoption via the Child Welfare System
- Adoption, Choices About
- Adoption, International
- Adoption, Legal Considerations in
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)
- Deciding Whether to Parent
- Ethical Debates About Surrogacy
- Foster Care
- Foster Parenting
- Foster Parenting, Legal Considerations in
- Gay Sperm Donors
- Infertility and Reproductive Loss
- Intentions and Motivations to Parent
- International Surrogacy/Reproductive Outsourcing
- Joint Adoption
- Masculinity and Pregnancy
- Nonbiological, Nongestational Mother
- Second-Parent Adoption
- Self-Insemination
- Single-Parent Adoption
- Sperm Donor Selection and Race/Ethnicity
- Sperm Donor, Choosing a
- Sperm Donors, Known
- Sperm Donors, Unknown
- Surrogacy
- Surrogacy, Legal Considerations of
- Transracial Versus Inracial Adoption
- Sexuality and Intimate Relationships
- Adolescent Pregnancy
- Age of Consent
- Aging, Sex, and Sexuality
- Bear Community
- Bondage, Dominance/Submission, Sadism/Masochism (BDSM)
- Butch-Femme
- Dating, Sexual-Minority Men
- Dating, Sexual-Minority Women
- Developmental Aspects of Sexuality
- Down Low
- Interracial Relationships
- Intersections Between Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity
- Intersexuality
- Intimate Partner Violence, Female
- Intimate Partner Violence, Male
- Kink
- Leather Culture
- Lesbian “Bed Death”
- Long-Term Same-Sex Couples
- Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM)
- Mixed-Orientation Marriages
- Monogamy and Non-Monogamy
- Monosexism
- Pansexuality
- Parent Gender Transition and Intimate Relationship Changes
- Polyamorous Parenting
- Polyamory
- Pornography
- Prison Rape
- Romantic Friendships
- Sex Therapy
- Sex Work and Criminalization
- Sex Work and Prostitution, Female
- Sex Work and Prostitution, Male
- Sexology
- Sexual Addiction and Compulsions
- Sexual Agreements and Arrangements
- Sexual Attraction, Behavior, and Identity
- Sexual Compulsivity, Treatment of
- Sexual Consent
- Sexual Desire and Relationship Quality
- Sexual Education Mandates for Inclusion
- Sexual Fluidity
- Sexual Norms and Practices
- Sexual Risk-Taking
- Transgender People and Division of Labor
- Transgender Sexualities
- Youth and Dating
- Societal Institutions and LGBTQ Issues
- Adoption and Foster Care Discrimination
- Adoption, Legal Considerations in
- Bias in the Criminal Justice System
- Binational Same-Sex Couples and Families
- Biphobia
- Bullying, Legal Protections Against
- Bullying, School-Based Interventions for
- Business
- Community Climate
- Corrective Rape
- Criminal Legal System and LGBTQ People
- Custody and Litigation, LGBQ Parents
- Custody Issues in Transgender Parenting
- DADT
- Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
- Discrimination Against LGBTQ Elders
- Discrimination Against LGBTQ People by Law Enforcement
- Discrimination Against LGBTQ People in the Public Sector
- Discrimination Against LGBTQ People, Cost of
- Discrimination on the Basis of HIV/AIDS in Health Care
- Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell and Public Opinion
- Education
- Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)
- Foster Care
- Foster Parenting, Legal Considerations in
- Gay Exclusion in the U.S. Military: Evolution and Demise of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
- Gay Exclusion in the U.S. Military: Evolution and Demise of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
- Gender Identity Discrimination as Sex Discrimination
- Hate Crimes
- Health Care System
- Health Insurance Coverage for Transgender People, Access to
- Heteronormativity
- Heterosexism
- HIV/AIDS in Prison
- Homelessness
- Homonormativity
- Homophobia
- Housing, Protection Against Discrimination in
- Immigration
- Incarceration
- Juvenile Justice System
- Laws Banning Homosexuality and Sodomy
- Legal Consciousness
- Microaggressions
- Military and LGBTQ People
- Military and Transgender People
- Minority Stress
- Monosexism
- No Promo Homo Policies
- Nondiscrimination Protections, State and Local
- Police Officers/Law Enforcement Officials
- Policing Masculinities and Femininities
- Pornography
- Poverty
- Prison Rape
- Religion/Spirituality and LGBTQ People
- Religious Freedoms and LGBTQ Rights
- Rural and Urban Communities
- School Climate
- Schools as Heteronormative Spaces
- School-to-Prison Pipeline
- Sex Work and Criminalization
- Sexual Minorities and Violence
- Sexual Orientation Discrimination as Sex Discrimination
- Social Class
- Spatial/Social Location of LGBT Persons
- Sports, Sexual-Minority Men in
- Sports, Sexual-Minority Women in
- Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals and Bathrooms
- Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth and the Legal System
- Transgender Geographies
- Transgender Inmates
- Transgender People and Violence
- Transphobia
- Violence and Victimization of Youth
- Workplace Discrimination
- Work
- Business
- Career Development and Trajectories
- Education
- Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)
- Gender Transition at Work
- Health Care Plans
- Leadership
- Leisure
- LGBT Consumer Market, The
- Mentoring
- Physicians
- Police Officers/Law Enforcement Officials
- Professional Athletes
- Sports, Sexual-Minority Men in
- Sports, Sexual-Minority Women in
- Strategic Disclosure
- Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals and Bathrooms
- Veterans
- Visual Arts
- Work Environments
- Work-Family Interface, LGBQ Parents
- Workplace Discrimination
- Workplace Friendships
- Workplace Policies
- Workplace Relationships
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