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Assumptions and Beliefs
Both assumption and belief refer to an idea or proposition that an individual accepts, either tentatively or with confidence, as an accurate representation of reality. Although belief and assumption tend to be used interchangeably, they are different in meaning, and the differences are significant. Of these two terms, assumption is the more important one for interculturalists. This entry will distinguish between assumptions and beliefs and relate the concepts to intercultural competence.
The Meanings of Belief
The meaning of belief has been debated by generations of philosophers and psychologists, and more recently by neuroscientists. Much of this debate need not concern the interculturalist, but some of their insights and distinctions are useful.
Belief has been distinguished from knowledge for millennia. Plato, in his dialogue Theaetetus, suggested that knowledge is ...
- Adaptation
- Applications of Intercultural Competence
- Coaching for Intercultural Competence
- Counseling
- Cross-Cultural Adoption
- Cultural Intelligence
- Global Transferees
- Higher Education Intercultural Campus
- Human Resource Management
- Intercultural Competence and Clergy
- Intercultural Competence in Healthcare
- Intercultural Competence in Organizations
- Intercultural Families
- Intercultural Intimate Relationships
- International Education
- International Health Organizations and Relief
- Military and Armed Forces Training
- Missionaries
- Multicultural Counseling
- Museums
- Nongovernmental Organizations
- Religious Contexts
- Teacher Education
- Tourism
- Training for Transferees
- Culture
- Beliefs, Values, Norms, Customs (Definitions)
- Class
- Cultural Patterns
- Cultural Self-Awareness
- Culture, Definition of
- Disability as Culture
- Disciplinary Approaches to Culture: An Overview
- Disciplinary Approaches to Culture: Anthropology
- Disciplinary Approaches to Culture: Applied Linguistics
- Disciplinary Approaches to Culture: Intercultural Communication
- Disciplinary Approaches to Culture: Psychology
- Disciplinary Approaches to Culture: Sociology
- Divergence and Convergence
- Essentialism
- Ethnicity
- Gender as Culture
- Generational Cultures
- Identity
- Language, Culture, and Intercultural Communication
- Lay Theory of Race
- Motivation and Culture
- Perceptions
- Personality and Culture
- Pluralism
- Power
- Sexual Orientation
- Worldview
- Culture Change
- Diversity and Inclusion
- Benchmarks in Diversity and Inclusion
- Dimensions of Diversity
- Diversity and Inclusion, Definitions of
- Diversity Audit
- Diversity in Higher Education
- Diversity Return on Investment
- Global Diversity Management
- History of Diversity and Inclusion
- Intergroup Dialogue
- Multicultural Organization
- Spiritual and Religious Diversity
- Underrepresented Groups
- Education
- Critical Pedagogy
- Critical Theory
- Cultural Literacies Approach
- Cultural Studies
- Developing an Intercultural Vision
- Developmentally Appropriate Pedagogy
- Diversity in Higher Education
- Educational Intercultural Leadership
- Global Learning
- Globalized E-Learning
- Higher Education Intercultural Campus
- Intercultural Service Learning
- International Education
- Learning Communities
- Multicultural Education
- Ethics
- Globalization
- Corporations in a Globalizing World
- Educational Partnerships
- Expatriates
- Global Citizenship
- Global Organizational Cultures
- Human Resource Management
- Intercultural Communication in International Cooperation
- Intercultural Relations and Globalization
- International, Transnational, Global
- Leading Global Teams
- Migration Studies
- Virtual Teams
- Identity Development
- Biracial Identity
- Culture-Specific Identity Development Models
- Double-Swing Model
- Ethnic Cultural Identity Model
- Identity
- Identity and Intergroup Communication
- Identity Management Theory
- Identity Negotiation Theory
- Internet Identity
- Racial Identity Development Models
- Sexual Orientation Identity Development
- Social Identity Theory
- Third-Culture Kids/Global Nomads
- Intercultural Communication
- Body Language (Haptics)
- Body Movement (Kinesics)
- Co-Creation of Meaning
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From Africa
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From China
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From India
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From Japan
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From Korea
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From Latin America
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From Russia
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From the Middle East
- Communicating Across Cultures With People From the United States
- Cross-Cultural Communication
- Eye Contact (Oculesics)
- Facework/Facework Negotiation Theory
- Facial Expressions/Universal
- Hall, E. T.
- High-Context and Low-Context Communication
- Ingroup/Outgroup
- Intercultural Communication and Language
- Intercultural Communication in China
- Intercultural Communication in Europe
- Intercultural Communication in Japan
- Intercultural Communication in the Caribbean
- Intercultural Communication, Definition of
- Intercultural Competence Development
- Intercultural Humor
- Intercultural Intimate Relationships
- Intercultural Nonverbal Communication
- Intercultural Verbal Communication Styles
- International Communication
- Mindfulness
- Perceptions
- Politeness Strategies: Rapport Theory
- Prejudice, Bias, Discrimination
- Space (Proxemics)
- Stereotypes and Generalizations
- Time (Chronemics)
- Intercultural Competence
- Assessment Centers
- Assessments of Intercultural Competence
- Cultural Humility
- Cultural Intelligence
- Curiosity
- Definitions: Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes
- Empathy
- Intercultural Code Switching
- Intercultural Competence Development
- Intercultural Competence in Healthcare
- Intercultural Competence in Organizations
- Intercultural Sensitivity
- Respect
- Trust
- Intercultural Conflict and Negotiation
- Intercultural Training and Teaching
- Coaching for Intercultural Competence
- Cognitive Styles Across Cultures
- Culturally Appropriate Instructional Design
- Culturally Responsive Pedagogy
- Culture Learning
- Culture Learning in the Language Classroom
- Description, Interpretation, Evaluation
- Developmentally Appropriate Pedagogy
- Educational Partnerships
- Essential Principles for Intercultural Training
- Global Leadership Development
- Global Learning
- Higher Education Intercultural Campus
- Intercultural or Multicultural Classroom
- Intercultural Training Creativity
- Interventionist Models for Study Abroad
- Learning Communities
- Learning Styles Across Cultures
- Military and Armed Forces Training
- Motivation and Culture
- Multicultural Education
- Reentry
- Simulations and Games
- Teacher Education
- Teaching and Training Online
- Training for Education Abroad
- Training for Transferees
- Training Intercultural Trainers
- Transformative Learning
- Language/Linguistics
- Applied Linguistics
- Communication Accommodation Theory
- Concordances
- Culture Learning in the Language Classroom
- English as a Lingua Franca
- Intercultural Code Switching
- Language and Identity
- Language Use and Culture
- Linguaculture
- Multilingualism
- Pragmatics
- Psycholinguistics
- Root Metaphors
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Semantics
- Sign Language
- Sociolinguistics
- Speech Acts
- Syntactics
- Translation and Interpreting
- World Englishes
- Leadership Across Cultures
- Media and Social Networks
- Research Paradigms and Research Methods
- Case Study Methods
- Concordances
- Critical Advocacy Research
- Critical Incident Methodology
- Critical Research Methods
- Cultural Studies
- Ethnographic Research
- Feminist Research Paradigm
- Interpretive Research Methods
- Positivist Research Paradigm
- Postmodernism and Reflexive Anthropology
- Qualitative Research Methods
- Quantitative Research Methods
- Social Justice
- Theories and Concepts
- Anxiety and Uncertainty Management
- Attribution Theory
- Co-Creation of Meaning
- Communication Accommodation Theory
- Constructivism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Critical Race Theory
- Critical Theory
- Cultural Contacts Theory
- Culture Shock
- Culture Specific/Culture General
- Developmental Theory
- Essentialism
- Expectancy Violations Theory
- Facework/Facework Negotiation Theory
- Gender Theory
- Hybridity
- Individualism and Collectivism
- Integrated Threat Theory
- Integrative Communication Theory
- Intensity Factors
- Intercultural Sensitivity
- Intergroup Contact
- Lay Theory of Race
- Locus of Control
- Multicultural Counseling
- Politeness Strategies: Rapport Theory
- Postmodernism and Reflexive Anthropology
- Root Metaphors
- Standpoint Theory
- Systems Perspective
- Theory of Acculturation
- Values
- Ascribed and Achieved Status
- Assumptions and Beliefs
- Beliefs, Values, Norms, Customs (Definitions)
- Competition and Cooperation
- Confucian Dynamism
- Culture Distance; Value Orientations
- Divergence and Convergence
- Honor, Shame, and Guilt
- Individualism and Collectivism
- Locus of Control
- Measuring Values
- Privacy
- Religious Contexts
- Value Dimensions: GLOBE Study
- Value Dimensions: Hofstede
- Value Dimensions: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck Value Orientations
- Value Dimensions: Schwartz
- Value Dimensions: Trompenaars
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- Applications of Intercultural Competence