Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is neurobiologically based in the brain’s central nervous system and manifests as limited function in conceptual, social, and practical domains. People with ID often have lifelong difficulties with learning, cognition, working, and independent living, requiring substantial support throughout their lives. Its prevention must, therefore, be rooted in both biological and socioenvironmental approaches.

Cognition originates in the brain and disturbance in its processes results in ID. Advances in neuroscience have, therefore, led to a better understanding of its causes and prevention. Similarly, social advances have offered opportunities to impact the limitations of those with ID. This cross-discipline scientific progress has led to varied strategies for preventing this condition. Understanding the most common etiologies of intellectual disability can lead to ...