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Genetic Counseling
As researchers’ understanding of genetic disease and patterns of inheritance grows and evolves, so, too, does the need to share and explain this knowledge to individuals and families who are directly affected. According to the World Health Organization, “Genetic counselling is the process through which knowledge about the genetic aspects of illnesses is shared by trained professionals with those who are at an increased risk of either having a heritable disorder or of passing it on to their unborn offspring.” This entry examines the history of genetic counseling, its use in clinical practice, and bioethical considerations.
History
The origins of present-day genetic counseling are often assumed to be ancient taboos and religious admonitions against incest and perhaps the ubiquitous consideration of family illness in determining suitability of ...
- Assessment and Diagnosis
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision
- International Classification of Diseases, History of
- Academic Achievement Tests
- Adaptive Behavior Assessment System
- Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Assessment of the Very Young Child
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Assessment of Children With
- Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
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- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment of Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions
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- Eye Tracking
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- Giftedness
- Infant Visual Attention and Response to Novelty
- Intellectual Disability, Assessment of Adults With
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- Intelligence: IQ Scores
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- Labeling, Pros and Cons of
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- Testing for Prenatal Birth Defects
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- Resilience, Learning Disorders and
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- Emotional Development
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- Infancy
- Intelligence: Environmental Factors
- Memory
- Metacognition
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- Nature and Nurture
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- Phenotype
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- Temperament
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- 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Syndromes
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- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
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- Failure to Thrive
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
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- Global Developmental Delay
- Intellectual Disability
- Intellectual Disability, Abuse and
- Intellectual Disability: Comorbidity
- Intellectual Disability: Development and Outcome
- Intellectual Disability: Mild
- Intellectual Disability: Moderate
- Intellectual Disability: Severe and Profound
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
- Learning Disorders: Relationship to Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Mitochondrial Disorders
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Muscular Dystrophies
- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
- Neurofibromatosis
- Noonan Syndrome
- Patau Syndrome
- Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome
- Prader–Willi Syndrome
- Rett Syndrome
- Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
- Shaken Baby Syndrome
- Smith-Magenis Syndrome
- Spina Bifida
- Stroke, Prenatal
- Strokes, Perinatal and Pediatric
- Sturge-Weber Syndrome
- Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
- Triple X Syndrome
- Trisomy
- Tuberous Sclerosis
- Turner Syndrome
- Williams Syndrome
- Wilson’s Disease
- Education
- 504 Plan
- Accommodations
- Adult Literacy
- American Sign Language
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: School Consultation
- Camp Shriver
- Case Management and Care Coordination
- Early Childhood Education for Students With Developmental Disabilities
- Early Intervention
- Early Start Denver Model
- Educational Advocacy
- Elementary Education for Students With Developmental Disabilities
- Employment for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Employment for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
- Families as Partners in Educational Decision Making
- Free Appropriate Public Education
- Future Research Directions in Developmental Disabilities
- Head Start Programs
- Homeschooling
- Homework
- Inclusion
- Individualized Education Program
- Individualized Family Service Plan
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Infant Stimulation Programs
- Intelligence: IQ Scores
- Job Coaching
- Learning Disorders: Relationship to Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Least Restrictive Environment, Current Practices in
- Life Skills Coaching
- Mainstreaming, Current Practices in
- Mentoring
- Multidisciplinary Approaches to Teaching Students With Developmental Disabilities
- Online Learning
- Peer Tutoring
- Physical Activity and Children and Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Portage Project
- Positive Behavior Support and Developmental Disabilities
- Postsecondary Education for Students With Disabilities
- Program Evaluation
- Readiness Skills
- Reading Programs: Teaching Students With Intellectual Disabilities and Moderate-to-Severe Reading Disabilities
- Regular Education Initiative
- Secondary Education for Students With Developmental Disabilities
- Section 504 and the Education of Children With Disabilities
- Self-Contained Classrooms
- Social Skills Groups for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Special Education
- Support Groups for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Support Groups for Families of Children With Developmental Disorders
- Supportive Employment
- Technology for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Technology-Enhanced Learning
- Universal Design for Learning
- Gender, Culture, and Ethnicity
- Larry P. v. Riles
- Bilingualism
- Cultural Differences in Discipline
- Cultural Norms
- Culturally Sensitive Assessment
- Famous People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Gender Differences
- Intelligence Tests, Effect of Culture and Ethnicity on
- International Perspectives on Developmental Disabilities
- Maltreatment of Persons With Intellectual Disabilities
- Media Portrayals of Individuals With Developmental Disabilities
- Parenting Style
- People-First Language
- Race and Ethnicity
- Stigma
- Student–Teacher Relationships
- Health, Wellness, and Resiliency
- Activities of Daily Living
- Allergies
- Bullying
- Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
- Dating and Close Relationships
- Emotional Abuse
- Employment for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Employment for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
- End-of-Life Care
- Estate Planning
- Family Impact in Adulthood
- Friendships
- Funding Services for Adults With Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Giftedness
- Health Promotion
- Health-Related Disorders
- Identity Development
- Intellectual Disability: Prevention
- Learned Helplessness
- Life Skills
- Lifespan Developmental Theories
- Long-Term Supports and Services
- Parental Adaptation
- Parental Stress
- Partnering With Refugees With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Their Families
- Peer Acceptance
- Physical Abuse
- Physical Activity and Children and Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Prevention of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Protective Factors
- Quality of Life
- Resilience, Characteristics of
- Respite Care
- Self-Esteem
- Sexual Awareness and Knowledge
- Sexual Development, Physical
- Sexuality in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Sexuality in Children and Adolescents With Developmental Disorders
- Sexuality in Intellectual Disabilities
- Social Support
- Special Olympics
- Splinter Skills and Cognitive Strengths in Autism
- Sports
- Stress and Coping
- Supported Living
- TEACCH
- Transitional Age Youth
- Vaccinations and Autism
- Historical Views of Intelligence and Development
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision
- International Classification of Diseases, History of
- Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders, History of
- Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act
- Crystallized Intelligence
- Deinstitutionalization
- Disability Rights Movement
- Education for All Handicapped Children Act
- Epidemiology, Historical Changes in
- Eugenics Movement
- Fluid Intelligence
- Flynn Effect
- Head Start, History of
- Intellectual Disability, History of
- Intelligence, Historical Views of
- Least Restrictive Environment, History of
- Mainstreaming, History of
- Special Education, History of
- Learning, Psychological, and Behavioral Disorders
- Adjustment Disorders
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Conduct Disorder
- Depression
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Developmental Dyscalculia
- Disorders of Elimination
- Disruptive Behavior Disorders
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Dysgraphia
- Dyslexia
- Dyslexia: Treatment
- Eating Disorders
- Feeding Disorders of Infancy or Childhood
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Language Disorders
- Learning Disorders
- Nonverbal Learning Disability
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Panic Attacks
- Panic Disorder
- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections
- Posttraumatic and Acute Stress Disorders
- Rumination Syndrome
- Schizophrenia, Adult Onset
- Schizophrenia, Early Onset
- School Refusal
- Selective Mutism
- Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
- Social Anxiety
- Specific Phobia
- Speech Sound Disorder
- Tic Disorders
- Tourette’s Disorder
- Public Policy Issues
- Larry P. v. Riles
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Arc of the United States, The
- Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- Camp Shriver
- Classroom Aides
- Conservatorship
- Council for Exceptional Children
- Death Penalty and Intellectual Disability
- Decision-Making Capacity
- Dispute Resolution
- Down Syndrome: Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Presentation
- Down Syndrome: Medical Concerns and Comorbid Disorders
- Education for All Handicapped Children Act
- Ethical Issues in Education
- Ethical Issues in Research, Current Standards in
- Ethical Issues in Research, History of
- Ethical Issues in Treatment
- Federal Funding for Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Financial Abuse
- Free Appropriate Public Education
- Funding Services for Adults With Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Guardianship
- Inclusion
- Labeling, Impact of
- Labeling, Pros and Cons of
- Section 504 and the Education of Children With Disabilities
- Special Education Law: U.S. Supreme Court Cases
- Research
- Consent in Research and Treatment
- Disability Research Methodology
- Epidemiology
- Familial Aggregation Studies
- Flynn Effect
- Future Research Directions in Developmental Disabilities
- Genetic Research
- Longitudinal Research
- Multiple Baseline Design
- Naturalistic Observation
- Randomized Controlled Trials
- Single Case Research Design
- Treatment Intervention
- Theories and Causes: Biological Perspectives
- Acquired Pediatric Brain Damage
- Anoxia
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Biology of
- Basal Ganglia
- Birth Defects
- Brain Plasticity
- Brain Tumors, Pediatric
- Brainstem
- Central Nervous System
- Cerebellum
- Cerebral Cortex
- Cingulate Cortex
- Cognitive Neuroscience of Intelligence
- Concussion
- Corpus Callosum
- Cross Disorder Genetic Risk
- Developmental Psychopathology
- Down Syndrome: Medical Concerns and Comorbid Disorders
- Encephalitis
- Endophenotypes
- Failure to Thrive
- Frontal Lobes
- Genetics of Intellectual Development
- Hemispheric Asymmetries
- Herpes Simplex
- Hormones
- Human Genome Project
- Hydrocephalus
- Iatrogenic Effects
- Intellectual Disability, Biology of
- Lead Poisoning
- Learning Disorders, Biology of
- Limbic System
- Maternal Substance Abuse
- Media Use by Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Meningitis
- Microcephaly
- Monogenic Disorders
- Mosaicism
- Myelination and Connectivity
- Neural Plasticity
- Neuroimaging Methods
- Neurotransmitters
- Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence
- Nutrition, Prenatal
- Nutrition: Importance in First Years of Life
- Polygenic Risk
- Postnatal Risk Factors
- Prenatal Risk Factors
- Preterm Birth
- Rubella
- Temporal Lobe
- Teratogens
- Theories and Causes: Psychological and Sociocultural Perspectives
- Attachment Theory
- Autism, Rising Prevalence of: Epidemiology
- Autism, Rising Prevalence of: Theories
- Disability Discrimination: U.S. Supreme Court Cases
- Down Syndrome: Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Presentation
- Ecological Systems Theory
- Environmental Considerations in Social Participation of Children With Developmental Disabilities
- Environmental Risk Factors
- Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- Intelligence, Theories of
- Intelligence: Environmental Factors
- Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Vulnerability Stress Model
- Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
- Therapies and Interventions
- Access to Treatment for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Accessible Design
- Adaptive Functioning
- Anchored Instruction
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Art Therapy
- Assistive Technology
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Potential Misuse of Stimulant Medications
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication
- Behavior Modification
- Behavior Therapy
- Biofeedback
- Braille, Use in Individuals With Visual Impairment
- Classroom Aides
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Cognitive Rehabilitation Training
- Community-Based Interventions
- Consent in Research and Treatment
- Dementia
- Dementia and Aging in Down Syndrome
- Discrete Trial Training
- Early Intervention
- Early Start Denver Model
- Executive Function Coaching
- Extinction
- Family-Based Interventions
- Flooding
- Floortime
- Functional Inclusion
- Intellectual Disability: Historical Changes in Terminology
- Male Brain Theory of Autism
- Mentoring
- Metacognitive Training
- Mindfulness-Based Treatments
- Mood Stabilizers
- Music Therapy
- Nutritional Therapies for Children With Developmental Disabilities
- Occupational Therapy
- Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
- Personalized Supports
- Phonics-Based Interventions
- Physical Therapy
- Picture Exchange Communication System
- Pivotal Response Therapy
- Portage Project
- Positive Parenting of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Prenatal Care
- Probiotics
- Psychopharmacological Interventions
- Relationship Development Intervention
- Social Inclusion
- Speech and Language Pathologists
- Stimulant Medications
- Systematic Desensitization
- Technology for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Treatment Planning
- UCLA Young Autism Project
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