The leadership circumplex is a circular representation of the most important leadership styles and behaviors, graphically displayed in Figure 1. Figure 1 contains two main axes: a vertical axis, associated with the amount of activity of a leader, and a horizontal axis, associated with the amount of support a leader provides to his or her subordinates. Leadership styles at the upper end of the vertical axis are characterized by active behaviors, whereas leadership styles at the lower end of the vertical axis are characterized by passive behaviors. Leadership styles at the right side of the horizontal axis are characterized by communal behaviors, whereas leadership styles at the left side of the horizontal axis are characterized by confrontational behaviors. Together, the two axes span the leadership ...

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