This entry defines race within a global context and provides three nation-state examples of country-specific formations of race, racism, and education systems and policy. The three cases are South Africa, Cuba, and the United States. The entry situates colonization as central in global race formation. Fueled by labor and land exploitation, modern-day race formations were born out of colonial societies with primarily capitalist economies. Although colonialism existed outside of Europe (i.e., Japan and China), the scale of European race formation through colonization is more salient in the racial constructions associated with the three nation-state examples. As such, the primary focus in this entry is on European colonialism. From the 1500s to the mid-1990s, nation-states in the global South that had been colonized by European nations ...