As opposed to passive learning, experiential learning is a process of knowledge creation through learning experience transformation, according to David A. Kolb. Through transformative reflection, concrete experience derived from learning activities is translated into new concepts that are tested by students and used for future problem solving. According to Kolb, the key elements of this approach are (a) concrete experience (doing), (b) reflective observation (observing), (c) abstract concept formation (thinking), and (d) active experimentation (planning to test a new concept in a new situation). The process of learning from experience is also referred to as learning by doing (a term created by John Dewey and discussed in the works of Thomas M. Duffy, Donald J. Cunningham, and others) and experience-based learning. M. David Merrill has ...