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Differential Association Theory
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory marked a watershed in criminology. The theory, which argues that criminal behavior, like any behavior, is learned in interaction within social groups, dominated the discipline for decades and brought sociology to the forefront of criminology. This entry reviews Sutherland’s theory of differential association, discusses attempts at revision, and assesses the empirical status of the theory.
The Theory of Differential Association
In 1947, Sutherland stated differential association theory as a set of nine propositions, which introduced three concepts—normative conflict, differential association, and differential group organization—that explain crime at the levels of the society, the individual, and the group.
Normative Conflict: The Root Cause of Crime in Society
At the societal level, crime is rooted in normative conflict. For Sutherland, primitive, undifferentiated societies are characterized by ...
- Biases in Crime Policies and Prevention
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- Level of Service Inventory (LSI)
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- Psychodiagnostic Interview
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- Offender Risk Assessment and Risk Level Classification
- Protective Factors Assessment
- Suicide and Self-Harm Risk Assessment
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- Suicide and Self-Harm Intervention and Management Strategies
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- Suicide Risk and Self-Harm in Corrections, Prevalence and Estimates
- Offender-Crime Theories and Typologies Criminal Organizations and Networks
- Ñeta
- American Gangs
- Aryan Brotherhood
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- Prostitution
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- Texas Syndicate
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- Weapons Trafficking
- Cybercrime
- Female Offenders
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- Female Offenders: Patterns and Explanations
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- Mental Illness and Crime, Etiological Linkages Between
- Mental Illness and Violent Behavior: Perceptions and Evidence
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- Recidivism
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- Property Offenders
- Psychopathy
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- Corporate Psychopaths
- Criminal Justice Correlates of Psychopathy
- Historical Antecedents of Psychopathy
- Neurobiological Models of Psychopathy
- Psychopathic Traits, Structure of
- Psychopathy
- Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)
- Psychopathy, Etiology of
- Social Learning and Environmental Determinants of Psychopathy
- Sexual Offenders
- Child Pornography
- Exhibitionism
- Extrafamilial Child Molestation
- Extrafamilial Child Molestation, Theories of
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- Female Sexual Offenders
- Frotteurism
- Human Trafficking
- Internet Exploitation and Child Luring
- Internet Sexual Offenders
- Intrafamilial Child Molestation
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- Mixed Sexual Offenders
- Noncontact Sexual Offenders
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- Intimate Partner Violence
- Mental Disorders and Violence
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- Self-Regulation
- Serial Murder
- Sexual Offending
- Stalking
- Theoretical Models of Violence and Aggression
- Violence Against Children
- Violent Offenders
- Violent Offenders, Categories of
- Preparing for a Criminal Justice Career
- Prison Services and Treatment
- “Nothing Works” Debate
- Ruiz v. Estelle (1980)
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- Basic Mental Health Services Versus Rehabilitation
- Bi-Adaptive Model of Mental Illness and Criminalness
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- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Social Learning Theory
- Cognitive Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
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- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Prevention Versus Intervention
- Psychopathy Versus Antisocial Personality Disorder
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- Social Skills Training
- Substance Use Treatment for Offenders With Mentally Disordered
- Telehealth
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- Trauma, Treatment of
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- Traumatic Brain Injury in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Family Therapy
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- Prisons and Prisoners
- Ñeta
- Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders
- Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders, Palliative Care of
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- Alcatraz
- Aryan Brotherhood
- Black Guerrilla Family
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Children of Offenders
- Classification
- Correctional Management
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- Correctional Officer’s Attitudes Toward Offenders
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- Deterrence
- Deterrence Effects of Adjudicating and Sentencing Juvenile Offenders as Adults
- Families of Incarcerated Offenders
- Federal Prisons
- Gender and Identity in Prison
- General Violence in Prisons
- Guantanamo Bay
- Immigration and Customs Detention
- Imprisonment and Stress
- Incarceration Rates, International
- Incarceration Rates, U.S.
- Incarceration, Effects of
- Inmate Code
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct, Assessment and Management of
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct: Violence Toward Offenders
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct: Violence Toward Staff
- Intimidation
- Isolation in Prisons
- Jails
- Mara Salvatrucha
- Mexican Drug Cartels
- Mexican Mafia
- Nuestra Familia
- Prison Abolition
- Prison Gangs, Major
- Prison Misconduct, Prediction of
- Prison Overcrowding
- Prison Rape Elimination Act
- Prison Reform
- Prisons
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- Segregation in Prison, Physical Consequences of
- Segregation in Prison, Psychological Consequences of
- Segregation in Prisons
- Segregation in Prisons, Administrative
- Segregation in Prisons, Disciplinary
- Segregation in Prisons: Best Practices
- Sexual Violence in Adult Prisons and Jails
- Shock Incarceration
- State Prisons
- Suicide During Incarceration
- Texas Syndicate
- Threats in Prisons
- Victimization in Prisons
- Rehabilitation and Reentry
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- Behavior Modification
- Cognitive Deficits, Effects on Rehabilitation
- Community Context and Mass Incarceration
- Comprehensive Correctional Plans
- Contingency Management
- Correctional Boot Camps
- Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI)
- Correctional Rehabilitation Programs, Evaluation of
- Cost-Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Versus Incarceration
- Criminogenic Needs
- Desistance
- Domestically Violent Offenders: Treatment Approaches
- Domestically Violent Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Drug Testing
- Electronic Monitoring
- Evidence-Informed Tools for Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation Programs
- Faith-Based Initiatives
- Family-Focused Therapy
- Good Lives Model
- Inmate Denial of Criminal Risk
- Intensive Supervisory Probation
- Juvenile Offenders: Developmental Treatment Considerations
- Juvenile Offenders: Treatment Models and Approaches
- Mental Health Treatment
- Minor Criminal Risk Factors
- Motivation to Change
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Need Principle
- Offender Treatment Attrition
- Offender Treatment Attrition and Retention, Responsivity Issues
- Offenders With Mental Disorders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Personality Pathology
- Physical and Mental Health Treatment
- Police–Probation Partnerships
- Psychopathic Offenders, Treatment of
- Psychopathic Offenders: Ineffective Treatment Programs
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- Psychopathic Offenders: Treatment Challenges and Controversies
- Punishing Smarter Programs
- Punishment
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- Reentry, Best Practices for
- Rehabilitation
- Repeat Offenders
- Responsivity Principle
- Restitution
- Restorative Justice
- Risk Principle
- Risk Principle, Illustrative Applications of
- Risk-Need-Responsivity, Principles of
- Sexual Offenders: Treatment Approaches
- Sexual Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Spirituality
- Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS)
- Substance Use Treatment for Offenders With Mental Disorders
- Treatment Dosage and Treatment Effectiveness
- Treatment Foster Care Oregon
- Violent Offenders: Treatment Approaches
- Violent Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Vocational Education
- Research in Criminal Psychology
- Crime Linkage Analysis
- Experimental Criminology, Research Methods in
- Forensic Psychology, Research Methods in
- Inmate Research Interviews
- Knowledge Destruction Versus Knowledge Cumulation
- Measurements and Scales, Use in Forensic Research
- Meta-Analysis
- Psychopathic Offenders: Current State of the Research
- Research in Criminal Psychology
- Self-Reports and Questionnaires
- Sequential Intercept Model
- Stanford Prison Experiment
- Treatment or Program Outcome Evaluations
- Within Treatment or Program Change
- State, Federal, and Private Criminal Justice Agencies
- Advocacy Organizations
- American Correctional Association
- Central Intelligence Agency
- Correctional Agencies
- Correctional Psychology Practice, Ethical Issues in
- Correctional Service Canada
- Criminal Courts
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Federal Bureau of Prisons
- Law Enforcement Agencies
- National Institute of Justice
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- U.S. Department of Justice
- U.S. Secret Service
- Theories of Crime
- Alcohol and Aggression
- Behavioral Genetics and Other Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior
- Behavioral Theory of Crime
- Crime Mapping
- Criminal Attitudes
- Criminal Careers and Offending Trajectories
- Criminal Lifestyle
- Criminalization Hypothesis
- Developmental Theories of Crime: Maltreatment
- Differential Association Theory
- Economics of Crime
- Family Systems Theory of Crime
- Feminist Perspectives on Crime
- Homelessness and Crime
- Life Course Perspectives on Crime
- Media: Influence on Crime
- Neighborhood and Crime
- Neighborhood Effects, Theory of
- Poverty and Crime
- Psychoanalytic Theory of Crime
- Psychology of Criminal Conduct
- Social Bond Theory
- Social Control Theory
- Social Disorganization Theory
- Social Drift Theory
- Social Learning Theory of Crime
- Sociological Theories of Crime
- Strain Theory of Crime
- Techniques of Neutralization
- War Crimes
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