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Children of Offenders
Children of offenders incur a host of disadvantages as a result of a parent’s criminal behavior and criminal justice involvement. Of particular concern to researchers and policy makers are children whose parent’s criminal behavior has resulted in incarceration. A growing body of work identifies parental incarceration as a leading contributor to social and economic inequality. This is because parental incarceration affects children in ways that adversely affect children’s life course trajectories. This entry focuses on the short- and long-term implications of parental incarceration on issues related to children’s welfare such as behavior, mental health, educational outcomes, and economic well-being.
Children of Offenders in the United States
In the United States, most incarcerees are parents. Surveys of prison inmates reveal that approximately 52% of state inmates and 63% ...
- Biases in Crime Policies and Prevention
- Crime Policies
- Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006
- America’s Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) Alert
- Community Notification Policies
- Cost-Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Versus Incarceration
- Crime Prevention, Policies of
- Faith-Based Initiatives
- Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
- Megan’s Law
- Mental Health Courts
- Native American Tribal Courts
- Older Victims of Crime
- Public Offender Registries
- Sexual Offender Registries
- Sexual Offenders, Public Perception of
- Sexually Violent Predator Laws
- Specialty Courts
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts
- Three Strikes Laws
- Veterans Courts
- Victim Assistance Programs and Legislation
- Victims of Crime
- Witness Protection Programs
- Criminal Justice Legal Processes
- Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
- Coerced Confessions
- Community Policing and Crisis Intervention Team Model
- Confessions
- Correctional Boot Camps
- Corrections
- Courts, Federal
- Courts, International
- Courts, State
- Criminal Charges, Federal
- Criminal Profiling
- Crisis Intervention Teams
- Dangerous Offender Legislation
- Death Penalty
- Domestic Violence Courts
- Drug Courts
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Forensic Applications in the Criminal Justice System
- Hostage Negotiation
- Investigative Psychology
- Jail Diversion
- Jails
- Lie Detection
- Mental Health Courts
- Mitigation
- Native American Tribal Courts
- Parole
- Plea Negotiations
- Police Interrogations
- Police Lineups, Psychology of
- Police Misconduct and Corruption
- Police Officer Evaluations: Suitability for Hire and Fitness for Duty
- Police Response to People With Mental Illness
- Police Suicide
- Policing
- Preventive Detention Legislation
- Prisons
- Probation
- Probation, Specialized
- Prosecutorial Discretion
- Psychological Autopsy
- Racial Profiling
- Restorative Policing
- Sentencing
- Shock Incarceration
- Showup Identifications
- Specialty Courts
- Structured Interviews in Law Enforcement Selection Process
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts
- Trials, Criminal
- Undercover Policing
- Veterans Courts
- Wrongful Convictions
- International Perspectives
- Offender Assessment Criminal Risk Assessment and Recidivism Prediction
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Clinical Judgment of
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Combined Static and Dynamic Approaches to
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Domestic Violence
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Gender-Responsive
- Criminal Risk Assessment, General Offending
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Generations of
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Juvenile Offending
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Psychopathy
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Sexual Offending
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Stalking
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Structured Professional Judgment of
- Criminal Risk Assessment, Violence
- Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR)
- Historical-Clinical Risk Management-20 (HCR-20)
- Juvenile Sex Offender Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (JSORRAT-II)
- Juvenile Sex Offender Risk Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II)
- Juvenile Sex Offenders: Assessment
- Level of Service Inventory (LSI)
- Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)
- Level of Service Inventory-Self Report (LSI-SR)
- Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)
- Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised (MnSOST-R)
- Offender Group Reconviction Scale (OGRS)
- Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA)
- Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised (PPI-R)
- Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) and the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV)
- Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)
- Risk Assessment, Actuarial
- Risk Matrix 2000
- Screening Assessment for Stalking and Harassment (SASH)
- Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ)
- Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy
- Self-Report Psychopathy (SRP)
- Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)
- Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS)
- Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20)
- Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)
- Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV)
- Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)
- Stable-2007 and Acute 2007
- Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM), Guidelines for
- Stalking Risk Profile (SRP)
- Static-2002 and Static-2002R
- Static-99 and Static-99R
- Statistical Information on Recidivism (SIR)
- Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
- Two-Tiered Violence Risk Estimates (TTV)
- Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (VRAG-R)
- Violence Risk Scale (VRS)
- Violence Risk Scale–Sexual Offender Version (VRS-SO)
- Violence Risk Scale–Youth Version (VRS-YV)
- Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0 (YLS/CMI 2.0)
- Forensic Assessment
- Mental Health Assessment
- Brief Jail Mental Health Screen
- Inmate Classification, Methods of
- Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT)
- Law Enforcement Employment Screening
- Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument
- Mental Health Assessment
- Mental Health Assessment: Adult Screening Tools
- Mental Health Assessment: Juvenile Screening Tools
- Mental Health Assessment: Screening Tools
- Mental Health Treatment Planning
- Military Service Screening
- Prison Security Levels
- Psychodiagnostic Interview
- Services Matching Instrument (SMI)
- Offender Risk Assessment and Risk Level Classification
- Protective Factors Assessment
- Suicide and Self-Harm Risk Assessment
- Suicidal Versus Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Corrections
- Suicide and Self-Harm in Corrections, Risk Factors for
- Suicide and Self-Harm Intervention and Management Strategies
- Suicide and Self-Harm Offender-Specific Screening Tools
- Suicide and Self-Harm Screening Tools
- Suicide and Self-Harm, Linkages to Violence Risk
- Suicide Risk and Self-Harm
- Suicide Risk and Self-Harm in Corrections, Prevalence and Estimates
- Offender-Crime Theories and Typologies Criminal Organizations and Networks
- Ñeta
- American Gangs
- Aryan Brotherhood
- Biker Gangs
- Black Guerrilla Family
- Bloods
- Criminal Organizations and Networks
- Crips
- Drug Trafficking
- Human Trafficking
- Mara Salvatrucha
- Mexican Drug Cartels
- Mexican Mafia
- Nuestra Familia
- Organized Crime Typologies
- Prison Gangs and Strategic Threat Groups
- Prison Gangs, Major
- Prostitution
- Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
- Sicilian Mafia
- Street Gangs
- Texas Syndicate
- Transnational Gangs
- Weapons Trafficking
- Cybercrime
- Female Offenders
- Female Offenders
- Female Offenders: Controversies in Assessment, Treatment, and Management of
- Female Offenders: Gender Differences in Criminal Offense Characteristics
- Female Offenders: Patterns and Explanations
- Female Offenders: Prevalence and Statistics
- Female Sexual Offenders
- Female Sexual Offenders: Patterns and Explanations
- Female Violent Offending, Theoretical Models of
- Gendered Pathways
- Risk-Need-Responsivity, Application to Female Offenders
- Juvenile Offenders
- Occupational and Corporate Crime
- Offenders With Mental Illness
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System
- Mental Illness and Crime, Etiological Linkages Between
- Mental Illness and Violent Behavior: Perceptions and Evidence
- Mental Illness as a Predictor of Crime and Recidivism
- Offenders With Cognitive Disorders
- Offenders With Mental Illness
- Prevalence Estimates of Crime Among Persons With Mental Illness
- Prevalence Estimates of Mental Illness Among Offenders
- Recidivism
- Substance Abuse, Untreated Mental Illness, and Crime
- Threat/Control-Override Model
- Property Offenders
- Psychopathy
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Classification of Psychopathy in
- Corporate Psychopaths
- Criminal Justice Correlates of Psychopathy
- Historical Antecedents of Psychopathy
- Neurobiological Models of Psychopathy
- Psychopathic Traits, Structure of
- Psychopathy
- Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)
- Psychopathy, Etiology of
- Social Learning and Environmental Determinants of Psychopathy
- Sexual Offenders
- Child Pornography
- Exhibitionism
- Extrafamilial Child Molestation
- Extrafamilial Child Molestation, Theories of
- Extrafamilial Child Molestation, Typologies of
- Female Sexual Offenders
- Frotteurism
- Human Trafficking
- Internet Exploitation and Child Luring
- Internet Sexual Offenders
- Intrafamilial Child Molestation
- Intrafamilial Child Molestation, Theories of
- Intrafamilial Child Molestation, Typologies of
- Mixed Sexual Offenders
- Noncontact Sexual Offenders
- Noncontact Sexual Offending, Theories of
- Pedophilia
- Rapists, Theories of
- Rapists, Typologies of
- Sadism
- Sexual Offenders
- Voyeurism
- Substance-Abusing Offenders
- Violent Offenders
- Arson
- Extortion
- Extremism and Terrorism, Middle Eastern
- Genetic and Environmental Influences on Violence and Aggression
- Hate Crimes
- Homicide
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Mental Disorders and Violence
- Neurobiological Bases of Aggression
- Robbery
- Self-Regulation
- Serial Murder
- Sexual Offending
- Stalking
- Theoretical Models of Violence and Aggression
- Violence Against Children
- Violent Offenders
- Violent Offenders, Categories of
- Preparing for a Criminal Justice Career
- Prison Services and Treatment
- “Nothing Works” Debate
- Ruiz v. Estelle (1980)
- Antisocial Personality Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Basic Mental Health Services Versus Rehabilitation
- Bi-Adaptive Model of Mental Illness and Criminalness
- Bipolar Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Social Learning Theory
- Cognitive Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Community Corrections
- Co-occurring Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Correctional Rehabilitation Services, Best Practices for
- Correctional Rehabilitation Services, Intensity of
- Criminalness
- Criminogenic Needs, Targeting
- Family-Oriented Correctional Programs
- Homework as Treatment
- Homework as Treatment: Active Versus Passive Homework
- Homework Compliance Strategies
- Ineffective Rehabilitation Strategies
- Low Intellectual Functioning in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Major Depressive Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Matching Treatment by Offender Type and Therapist Style
- Motivational Interviewing
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Offenders With Mental Illness in Prisons, Treatment for
- Personality Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Prevention Versus Intervention
- Psychopathy Versus Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Resilience and Positive Psychology
- Social Skills Training
- Substance Use Treatment for Offenders With Mentally Disordered
- Telehealth
- Therapeutic Communities
- Trauma, Treatment of
- Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Trauma-Informed Treatment
- Traumatic Brain Injury in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
- Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Family Therapy
- Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Group Psychotherapy
- Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Substance Abuse Counseling
- Prisons and Prisoners
- Ñeta
- Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders
- Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders, Palliative Care of
- Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders, Physical Disability of
- Alcatraz
- Aryan Brotherhood
- Black Guerrilla Family
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Children of Offenders
- Classification
- Correctional Management
- Correctional Officer Stress
- Correctional Officer’s Attitudes Toward Offenders
- Correctional Officers
- Correctional Officers, Occupational Duties of
- Deterrence
- Deterrence Effects of Adjudicating and Sentencing Juvenile Offenders as Adults
- Families of Incarcerated Offenders
- Federal Prisons
- Gender and Identity in Prison
- General Violence in Prisons
- Guantanamo Bay
- Immigration and Customs Detention
- Imprisonment and Stress
- Incarceration Rates, International
- Incarceration Rates, U.S.
- Incarceration, Effects of
- Inmate Code
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct, Assessment and Management of
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct: Violence Toward Offenders
- Institutional Violence and Misconduct: Violence Toward Staff
- Intimidation
- Isolation in Prisons
- Jails
- Mara Salvatrucha
- Mexican Drug Cartels
- Mexican Mafia
- Nuestra Familia
- Prison Abolition
- Prison Gangs, Major
- Prison Misconduct, Prediction of
- Prison Overcrowding
- Prison Rape Elimination Act
- Prison Reform
- Prisons
- Privatization of Prisons
- Segregation in Prison, Physical Consequences of
- Segregation in Prison, Psychological Consequences of
- Segregation in Prisons
- Segregation in Prisons, Administrative
- Segregation in Prisons, Disciplinary
- Segregation in Prisons: Best Practices
- Sexual Violence in Adult Prisons and Jails
- Shock Incarceration
- State Prisons
- Suicide During Incarceration
- Texas Syndicate
- Threats in Prisons
- Victimization in Prisons
- Rehabilitation and Reentry
- Academic Programs for Prisoners
- Behavior Modification
- Cognitive Deficits, Effects on Rehabilitation
- Community Context and Mass Incarceration
- Comprehensive Correctional Plans
- Contingency Management
- Correctional Boot Camps
- Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI)
- Correctional Rehabilitation Programs, Evaluation of
- Cost-Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Versus Incarceration
- Criminogenic Needs
- Desistance
- Domestically Violent Offenders: Treatment Approaches
- Domestically Violent Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Drug Testing
- Electronic Monitoring
- Evidence-Informed Tools for Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation Programs
- Faith-Based Initiatives
- Family-Focused Therapy
- Good Lives Model
- Inmate Denial of Criminal Risk
- Intensive Supervisory Probation
- Juvenile Offenders: Developmental Treatment Considerations
- Juvenile Offenders: Treatment Models and Approaches
- Mental Health Treatment
- Minor Criminal Risk Factors
- Motivation to Change
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Need Principle
- Offender Treatment Attrition
- Offender Treatment Attrition and Retention, Responsivity Issues
- Offenders With Mental Disorders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Personality Pathology
- Physical and Mental Health Treatment
- Police–Probation Partnerships
- Psychopathic Offenders, Treatment of
- Psychopathic Offenders: Ineffective Treatment Programs
- Psychopathic Offenders: Promising Treatment Programs
- Psychopathic Offenders: Treatment Challenges and Controversies
- Punishing Smarter Programs
- Punishment
- Punishment, Effective Principles of
- Reentry
- Reentry, Best Practices for
- Rehabilitation
- Repeat Offenders
- Responsivity Principle
- Restitution
- Restorative Justice
- Risk Principle
- Risk Principle, Illustrative Applications of
- Risk-Need-Responsivity, Principles of
- Sexual Offenders: Treatment Approaches
- Sexual Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Spirituality
- Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS)
- Substance Use Treatment for Offenders With Mental Disorders
- Treatment Dosage and Treatment Effectiveness
- Treatment Foster Care Oregon
- Violent Offenders: Treatment Approaches
- Violent Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
- Vocational Education
- Research in Criminal Psychology
- Crime Linkage Analysis
- Experimental Criminology, Research Methods in
- Forensic Psychology, Research Methods in
- Inmate Research Interviews
- Knowledge Destruction Versus Knowledge Cumulation
- Measurements and Scales, Use in Forensic Research
- Meta-Analysis
- Psychopathic Offenders: Current State of the Research
- Research in Criminal Psychology
- Self-Reports and Questionnaires
- Sequential Intercept Model
- Stanford Prison Experiment
- Treatment or Program Outcome Evaluations
- Within Treatment or Program Change
- State, Federal, and Private Criminal Justice Agencies
- Advocacy Organizations
- American Correctional Association
- Central Intelligence Agency
- Correctional Agencies
- Correctional Psychology Practice, Ethical Issues in
- Correctional Service Canada
- Criminal Courts
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Federal Bureau of Prisons
- Law Enforcement Agencies
- National Institute of Justice
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- U.S. Department of Justice
- U.S. Secret Service
- Theories of Crime
- Alcohol and Aggression
- Behavioral Genetics and Other Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior
- Behavioral Theory of Crime
- Crime Mapping
- Criminal Attitudes
- Criminal Careers and Offending Trajectories
- Criminal Lifestyle
- Criminalization Hypothesis
- Developmental Theories of Crime: Maltreatment
- Differential Association Theory
- Economics of Crime
- Family Systems Theory of Crime
- Feminist Perspectives on Crime
- Homelessness and Crime
- Life Course Perspectives on Crime
- Media: Influence on Crime
- Neighborhood and Crime
- Neighborhood Effects, Theory of
- Poverty and Crime
- Psychoanalytic Theory of Crime
- Psychology of Criminal Conduct
- Social Bond Theory
- Social Control Theory
- Social Disorganization Theory
- Social Drift Theory
- Social Learning Theory of Crime
- Sociological Theories of Crime
- Strain Theory of Crime
- Techniques of Neutralization
- War Crimes
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