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Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship is an educational institution that regulates entry into manual professions requiring special training in the trades, crafts, or arts. It is upheld as an alternative educational pathway to public higher schooling, which typically grants access to liberal professions. Apprenticeship implies a legal and social contract, whereby a young novice (the apprentice) provides labor to a skilled and experienced worker (the master) in exchange for knowledge and training required for the practice of a given trade, craft, or art. This entry provides an overview of the history of apprenticeship in Europe, spanning from preindustrial Europe to the 21st century.
Defining Apprenticeship
The rules that regulate apprenticeship vary considerably depending on the historical period and geographical location. Nevertheless, a number of core characteristics associated with apprenticeship appear to ...
- Age Identities/Age Positions
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- Biopolitics of Childhood
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- Ethics
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- Schooling, Gender, and Race
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- Environments and Geographies
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- Family and Childrearing
- Adoption, History of
- Adoption, Transnational
- Adoption, Transracial
- Babysitting, U.S. History of
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- Childcare
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- Diaspora Childhoods
- Family
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- Gay and Lesbian Parenting
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- Intergenerational Relations
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- Parenting
- Parenting Styles, History of
- Parents of Children with Disabilities
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- Children and Social Policy
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- Day Care
- Disney
- Federal Indian Boarding Schools, U.S. Architecture of
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- Health Care
- Homes, Institutional
- International Child Welfare Organizations
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- Juvenile Courts
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- La Leche League
- League of Nations
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- Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
- One-Child Policy, China
- Orphans and Orphanages as Childcare in the United States
- Scouting, Boys
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- Sunday School
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
- Welfare State
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- Key Thinkers and Cultural Figures
- Addams, Jane
- Andersen, Hans Christian
- Ariès, Philippe
- Benjamin, Walter
- Bernstein, Basil
- Bettelheim, Bruno
- Binet, Alfred
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Bowlby, John
- Bronfenbrenner, Urie
- Carroll, Lewis
- Darwin, Charles
- Deleuze, Gilles
- Dewey, John
- Dickens, Charles
- Dockar-Drysdale, Barbara
- Dolto, Françoise
- Ennew, Judith
- Erikson, Erik
- Frank, Anne
- Freire, Paulo
- Freud, Anna
- Freud, Sigmund
- Froebel, Friedrich
- Gesell, Arnold
- Grimm Brothers (The Brothers Grimm)
- Hall, Granville Stanley
- Hine, Lewis
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- Isaacs, Susan
- Key, Ellen
- Klein, Melanie
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- Piaget, Jean
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- Spielrein, Sabina
- Spinoza, Baruch
- Spock, Benjamin
- Steiner, Rudolf
- Sully, James
- Sutton-Smith, Brian
- Temple, Shirley
- Vygotsky, Lev
- Watson, John B.
- Winnicott, Donald W.
- Wordsworth, William
- Yousafzai, Malala
- Measurements
- Media
- Brownies’ Book
- ABC Books
- Apps (Mobile Applications)
- Binge-Watching
- Children and Technology
- Children’s Radio
- Children’s Television, U.S. History
- Digital Childhoods
- Digital Literacy
- Digital Media
- Digital Mobile Technologies
- iPad
- Media, Children and
- Moveable Books
- Picture Books
- Riot Grrrls
- Sesame Street
- Teen Magazines
- Teenager Television Series
- Theme Parks
- Toys, Digital
- YouTube
- Medical Discourses and Practices
- Abortion
- AIDS Orphans
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Autism and Neurodiversity
- Autism, Child Development, and Theory
- Birth
- Birth Control
- Child Neglect
- Child Pregnancy
- Child Sexual Abuse and Pedophilia
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- Eugenics
- Fetal Personhood
- Health
- Neurocognitive Development
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- Pregnancy
- Reproductive Choice
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- Movements
- Objects and Material Culture
- Practices
- Apprenticeship
- Bilingualism and Multilingualism
- Breastfeeding
- Child Actors in Theater
- Children and Art
- Children’s Time Use
- Children’s Work
- Counseling Children
- Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)
- Domestic Chores
- Inclusion in Schools
- Language, Social, and Cultural Aspects
- Orphan Care
- Parenting Children
- Pocket Money
- Residential Child Care
- Socialization
- Sport
- Toilet Training
- Youth Work
- Religions
- Representations
- Child Actors in Film and Television
- Childhood as Figuration
- Childhood Representations in Media and Advertising
- Children and U.S. Adoption Literature
- Children in Postcolonial Literature
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- National identity
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- Popularity and Gender
- Popularity, Social Media and
- Queer Children, Representations of
- Reality Television
- Representations of Childhood in Early China
- School Story, The
- Young Adult (YA) Literature
- Youth and Representation in Popular Media, U.S.
- Research Methodologies
- Assent, Children’s, in Research
- Child as Method
- Child Attachment Interviews
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- Child-Centered/Child-Led Research
- Children’s Drawings and Psychological Development
- Consent, Children’s, in Research
- Ethnography
- Historical Methods
- Interviews
- Least-Adult Role in Research
- Life Mode Interview
- Narrative Research Method
- Narratives, Children’s
- Participatory Action Research
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- Photovoice, Research Method of
- Piaget’s Interview Methods: From Clinical to Critical
- Power Relations in Research
- Professional Conversations with Children
- Quantitative Methods
- Reflexivity
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- Social Issues and Controversies
- Artificial Insemination
- Baby Farms
- Better Baby Contests
- Bullying
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- Bullying and Teachers
- Bullying in Schools
- Child and Youth Activism
- Child Beauty Pageants
- Child Marriage
- Child Pornography
- Child Prostitution, Sex Work
- Child Soldiers
- Children and Nationalism
- Children as Victims
- Children as Workers
- Children Who Murder
- Columbine (High School) Massacre, U.S.
- Corporal Punishment
- Cyberbullying
- Discipline and Childhood
- Domestic Violence, Children’s Experiences of
- Early Marriage
- Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
- Gender Independent Children
- Gifted Children
- Homeless Children and Youth
- Juvenile Delinquency
- Militarization
- Obesity
- Race and Childhood in U.S. Context
- Racism
- Refugees
- School Violence
- Sexual Citizenship
- Sexual Exploitation of Children
- Social Inclusion
- Street Children
- Surrogacy
- Transnational Migration
- Unaccompanied Minors, Migration
- Violence
- War and War-Affected Children
- Working Children
- Young Offenders
- Youth Gangs
- Youth Justice
- Theories and Concepts
- Adultism
- Agency
- Anticipatory Socialization
- Attachment Theory
- Autonomy
- Beings and Becomings, Children as
- Borders, National
- Bullying, Genealogy of the Concept
- Capitalism and Childhood
- Care, Feminist Ethic of
- Child
- Child as Other/Stranger
- Child Consumption: A Vygotskian Perspective
- Child Depravity
- Child-Friendly, Concept of
- Childhood
- Childhood Identity Constructions
- Childhood Nostalgia
- Childhood Publics
- Childhoods and Time, Philosophical Perspectives
- Childing
- Childism
- Children as Competent Social Actors
- Children as Political Subjects
- Children at Risk
- Children’s Perspectives
- Children’s Social Participation, Models of
- Children’s Voices
- Colonialism and Childhood
- Community of Learners
- Concerted Cultivation, Parenting Style
- Conduct of Everyday Life
- Consent, Sexual
- Consumer Socialization
- Critical Theory, the Child in
- Cultural Capital
- Development
- Developmentality
- Different Childhoods
- Distributed Violence
- Emotion Regulation (Children)
- Emotional Intelligence
- Gender Identity
- Generational Approach
- Generationing
- Global North Childhoods
- Global South Childhoods
- Global Womb
- Governmentality
- Habitus
- History of Childhood
- Hope
- Human Capital, Child as
- Identity
- Imaginary Companions
- Indigenous Childhoods
- Institutionalization of Childhood
- Interiority
- Interpretive Reproduction
- Intersectionality
- Juvenocracy/Juvenocratic Spaces
- Miniature Adulthood
- Moral Development, Cultural-Developmental Perspective
- Natural Growth, Parenting Style
- Nature Versus Culture
- Nature Versus Nurture
- Play Therapy and Autism
- Play, Theories of
- Popularity
- Priceless Child
- Psychoanalysis, the Child in
- Racial Formation
- Racial Innocence, Child and (U.S. History)
- Recapitulation Theory
- Relational Violence
- Resilience
- Rites of Passage
- Self-Esteem
- Sex Education, Psychoanalysis in
- Sexual Orientation
- Sexuality and Childhood
- Social and Emotional Learning
- Social Exclusion and Bullying
- Socialization Paradigm
- Stage Theories of Development
- Standpoint Theory
- Structural Violence
- Subjective Well-Being
- Tabula Rasa
- Time and Childhood
- Time, Concept of, in Children
- Trauma-Informed Care
- Universalism
- Universalization of Childhood
- Vulnerability of Children
- Youth Culture
- Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, Lev)
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