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Punishment, Positive and Negative
Punishment involves a stimulus change that occurs contingent on the performance of a target behavior and causes a decrease in the future probability of that target behavior. In positive punishment, the target response produces the addition of a stimulus, whereas in negative punishment, it produces the removal of a stimulus. It should be noted that the technical definition of punishment hinges on the effect of the stimulus on the target behavior: Punishment is in effect if, and only if, the behavior reduces in the future. This differs from lay usage of the word, wherein punishment is often equated with the presentation of any aversive stimulus or event, regardless of its effect on behavior.
Basic Science
Scientific research on punishment began with animal studies showing that pigeons’ ...
- Addictive Disorders
- Addiction, Recovery From
- Addictive Disorders: Overview
- Adolescent Substance Use
- Agonist Substitution
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- Depression in Childhood: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depression in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depression in Childhood: Psychological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Risk for
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- Depression in Childhood: Treatment
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
- Disorders of Written Expression
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Elimination Disorders
- Elimination Disorders: Biological Factors
- Elimination Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Elimination Disorders: Epidemiology
- Elimination Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
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- Elimination Disorders: Risk for
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- Expressive Language Disorder
- Externalizing Disorders
- Feeding Disorders in Infancy
- Intellectual Disability
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- Intellectual Disability: Cultural Factors
- Intellectual Disability: Epidemiology
- Intellectual Disability: Gender and Sex Differences
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- Intellectual Disability: Risk for
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- Internalizing Disorders
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- Mathematics Disorder
- Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
- Motor Disorders
- Neurocognitive Disorders of Language
- Neurodevelopmental Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Biological Factors
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- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Diagnosis
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- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Risk for
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- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections
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- Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- Pica
- Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Reading Disorder
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- Assent
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- Childhood and Adolescence: Overview
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity
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- Children of Parents With Substance Use Disorder
- Cognitive Development, Stages of
- Deliberate Firesetting by Children and Juveniles
- Developmental Norms
- Developmental Psychopathology
- Developmental Taxonomy of Antisocial Behavior
- Divorce: Psychological Effects on Children
- Effective Discipline
- Emotional Development
- Emotions, Children’s Understanding of
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
- Gateway Hypothesis of Adolescent Substance Use
- Global Developmental Delay
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- Least Restrictive Environment
- Limit Setting
- Maternal Deprivation
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- Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
- Parenting and Child Adjustment
- Parenting Styles
- Pediatric Obesity
- Peer Relationships, Psychological Effects of
- Prenatal Drug Exposure
- Prenatal Viral Exposure
- School-Based Mental Health
- Self-Concept Development
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- Single-Parent Family and Child Well-Being
- Theory of Mind
- Thumb Sucking
- Tics
- Psychological Constructs
- Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Applications to Mental Health Disorders
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Diagnosis
- Anxiety Disorders: Diagnosis
- Anxiety in Childhood: Diagnosis
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis
- Bipolar Disorders: Diagnosis
- Conduct Disorder: Diagnosis
- Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis
- Dissociative Disorders: Diagnosis
- Drug Use Disorders: Diagnosis
- Eating Disorders: Diagnosis
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- Feeding Disorders: Diagnosis
- Gender Dysphoria: Diagnosis
- History of Mental Health Diagnoses
- Impulse Control Disorders: Diagnosis
- Intellectual Disability: Diagnosis
- Neurocognitive Disorders: Diagnosis
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Paraphilic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Personality Disorders: Diagnosis
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- Assessment Approaches
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- Biological Assessments
- Clinical Interviews
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- Computer-Assisted Assessment
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- Functional Analysis
- Functional Assessment
- Idiographic Assessment
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- Assessment Tools
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- Achievement Tests
- Alcohol Use Screening Measures
- Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5
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- Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
- Beck Scales
- Behavior Assessment System for Children
- Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
- California Verbal Learning Test
- Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation
- Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale
- Clinician-Rated Psychopathology Domains for Schizophrenia
- Comprehensive Trail-Making Test
- Computerized Axial Tomography
- Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales
- Continuous Performance Test
- Cultural Formulation Interview
- Electroencephalogram
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
- Hamilton Rating Scales
- Intelligence Tests
- Iowa Gambling Task
- Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
- Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Outcome Questionnaire System
- Patient Health Questionnaire
- Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System
- Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
- Personality Inventories
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Projective Tests
- Quality of Life Inventory
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia
- Sentence Completion Test
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
- State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
- Stroop Color and Word Test
- Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5
- Structured Clinical Interviews
- Suicide Risk Assessment
- Symptom Checklist 90
- Thematic Apperception Test
- Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
- Wechsler Intelligence Scales
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- Wide Range Achievement Test
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- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
- Other Relevant Constructs
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), History of
- Mental Measurements Yearbook
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- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
- Assessment
- Baseline Functioning
- Classification: Categorical Approach Versus Dimensional Approach
- Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis: Overview
- Clinical Judgment
- Comorbidity
- Dangerousness, Prediction of
- Diagnosis
- Disclosure of Psychological Test Data
- International Classification of Diseases
- Mental Health Disorder
- Mental Health Screening
- Mental Status Examination
- Other Specified and Unspecified Diagnoses
- Psychological Report
- Reliability
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- Test Bias
- Test Equivalence
- Validity
- Cultural Considerations and Culture-Specific Disorders
- Ataque de Nervios
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- Koro
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- Latah
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- Acculturation
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- Africans and African Americans, Mental Health and
- American Indians, Mental Health and
- Americanization of Psychology
- Amok
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- Brain Fag Syndrome
- Comanche Ghost Sickness
- Cultural Competence
- Cultural Competency and Assessment
- Cultural Considerations and Culture-Specific Disorders: Overview
- Cultural Formulation Interview
- Cultural Identity
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- Deficit Model
- Diversity, Suicide and
- Etic and Emic
- Frigophobia
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- Institutionalized Racism
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- Machismo
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- Purvaj Syndrome
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- Unconscious Racism
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- Voodoo Death
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- Dissociative Disorders
- Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
- Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Disorders: Biological Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Diagnosis
- Dissociative Disorders: Epidemiology
- Dissociative Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Dissociative Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Dissociative Disorders: Overview
- Dissociative Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Dissociative Disorders: Risk for
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- Dissociative Disorders: Treatment
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Eating and Feeding Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Anorexia Nervosa as a Culture-Bound Syndrome
- Atypical Anorexia Nervosa
- Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
- Bariatric Surgery
- Binge Eating Disorder
- Body Image
- Body Image, Culture and
- Body Image, Effects of Mass Media on
- Body Image, Gender and
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Control, Eating Disorders and
- Dieting and Restriction
- Eating and Feeding Disorders: Overview
- Eating Disorders: Biological Factors
- Eating Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Eating Disorders: Epidemiology
- Eating Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Eating Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Eating Disorders: Medical Complications
- Eating Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Eating Disorders: Risk for
- Eating Disorders: Social Factors
- Feeding Disorders
- Feeding Disorders: Biological Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Epidemiology
- Feeding Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Feeding Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Feeding Disorders: Medical Complications
- Feeding Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Risk for
- Feeding Disorders: Social Factors
- Female Athlete Triad
- Night Eating Syndrome
- Normal Weight
- Obesity
- Orthorexia
- Pediatric Obesity
- Purging Disorder
- Self-Esteem, Eating Disorders and
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
- Social Standards of Beauty
- Gender Dysphoria
- Gender Dysphoria: Biological Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Cultural Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Diagnosis
- Gender Dysphoria: Epidemiology
- Gender Dysphoria: Gender and Sex Differences
- Gender Dysphoria: Lifespan Perspectives
- Gender Dysphoria: Overview
- Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Risk for
- Gender Dysphoria: Social Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Treatment
- Health Psychology
- Asthma: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care
- Behavioral Medicine
- Brain Tumors, Psychological and Behavioral Conditions Related to
- Cancer: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Cardiovascular Abnormalities, Mental Health Conditions Related to
- Cardiovascular Disease: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Cardiovascular Reactivity
- Chronic Pain: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Conversion Disorder
- Coping and Chronic Illness
- Coping and Pain
- Coping and Stress
- Death and Dying
- Depression, Medical Illness and
- Diabetes: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Emotion-Focused Coping
- Factitious Disorders
- General Adaptation Syndrome
- Hassles, Stress and
- Headaches, Stress and
- Health Behavior
- Health Psychology: Overview
- HIV: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Hostility and Health Outcomes
- Hypertension: Psychological and Behavioral Factors
- Illness Anxiety Disorder
- Illness, Stress and
- Immune System Responses to Stress
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Job Strain
- Life Events, Stress and
- Mental Health Symptoms Related to Medical Conditions
- Munchausen by Proxy
- Obesity
- Pain Disorders
- Personality, Health and
- Problem-Focused Coping
- Promotion of Healthy Behavior
- Protective Buffering
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Quality of Life
- Seeking Health Care
- Seizures, Mental Health Conditions Related to
- Social Support
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Risk for
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Spirituality/Religion and Anxiety, Stress, and Health
- Stress
- Stress Appraisal
- Stress Reactivity
- Tailored Health Behavior Interventions
- Toxic Substances, Psychological and Behavioral Conditions Related to
- Type A Behavior Pattern
- Ulcers, Stress and
- Historical Context
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), History of
- Historical Context: Overview
- History of Ethical Treatment of Mental Health Patients
- History of Mental Health Diagnoses
- History of Treatment for Mental Health Disorders
- History: Philosophical Underpinnings
- History: Schools of Thought
- Neurosurgery
- Reform Movement
- Law and Mental Health
- Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- O’Connor v. Donaldson
- Olmstead v. L. C.
- Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
- Wyatt v. Stickney
- Advanced Psychiatric Directives
- American Law Institute Rule
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Assent
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Best Interest of the Child
- Burden of Proof
- Civil Commitment
- Competence to Stand Trial
- Confidentiality, Exceptions to
- Criminal Responsibility
- Dangerousness to Others
- Dangerousness to Self
- Dangerousness, Prediction of
- Diminished Capacity
- Disclosure of Psychological Test Data
- Durham Rule
- Duty to Warn
- Expert Witnesses
- Grave Disability
- Guilty but Mentally Ill
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004
- Insanity Defense
- Insanity Defense Reform Act
- Involuntary Commitment, Clear and Convincing Evidence for
- Involuntary Hospitalization
- Irresistible Impulse Rule
- Law and Mental Health: Overview
- Legal Rights of Mental Health Patients
- M’Naghten Standard
- Malpractice
- Mens Rea
- Mental Health Care in the U.S. Justice System
- Outpatient Commitment
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
- Reporting Obligations for Suspected Abuse
- Right to Legal Counsel at Commitment Hearings
- Right to Less Restrictive Treatments
- Right to Refuse Psychotropic Medications
- Right to Refuse Treatment
- Right to Treatment
- Sentencing, Mental Health and
- Sexually Violent Predators
- Subpoenas and Court Orders
- Mood Disorders
- Anhedonia
- Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome
- Antidepressant Medications
- Atypical Antidepressants
- Beck Scales
- Behavioral Activation
- Bipolar Disorders in Childhood
- Bipolar Disorders: Biological Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Diagnosis
- Bipolar Disorders: Epidemiology
- Bipolar Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Bipolar Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Bipolar Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Risk for
- Bipolar Disorders: Social Factors
- Bipolar Disorders: Treatment
- Bipolar I Disorder
- Bipolar II Disorder
- Cyclothymic Disorder
- Depression in Childhood
- Depression in Childhood: Biological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Cultural Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Epidemiology
- Depression in Childhood: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depression in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depression in Childhood: Psychological Factors
- Depression in Childhood: Risk for
- Depression in Childhood: Social Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Biological Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Diagnosis
- Depressive Disorders: Epidemiology
- Depressive Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depressive Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depressive Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Risk for
- Depressive Disorders: Social Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Treatment
- Double Depression
- Dysphoric Mood
- Exercise for Depression
- Hopelessness
- Hypomania
- Learned Helplessness
- Lithium
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Mania
- Melancholia
- Mixed Episode
- Mood
- Mood Disorders: Overview
- Mood-Stabilizing Medications
- Negative Affect
- Pathological Grief Reaction
- Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Postpartum Blues
- Postpartum Depression
- Postpartum Psychosis
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Prolonged Grief Disorder
- Rapid Cycling
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment
- Substance-Induced Mood Disorder
- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Excoriation
- Hoarding Disorder
- Hoarding Disorder: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Overview
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Risk for
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Treatment
- Trichotillomania
- Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
- Personality and Personality Disorders
- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Biosocial Theory of Borderline Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Developmental Taxonomy of Antisocial Behavior
- Five-Factor Model of Personality
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Interpersonal Pathoplasticity
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Personality and Personality Disorders: Overview
- Personality Disorders
- Personality Disorders: Biological Factors
- Personality Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Personality Disorders: Diagnosis
- Personality Disorders: Epidemiology
- Personality Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Personality Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Personality Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Personality Disorders: Risk for
- Personality Disorders: Social Factors
- Personality Disorders: Treatment
- Personality Inventories
- Personality, Cultural Factors and
- Personality, Health and
- Psychopathy
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Structure of Personality and Psychoanalytic Theory
- Professional and Ethical Issues
- Addictions Nursing
- American Psychological Association
- Assent
- Belmont Report
- Certification
- Clinical Psychologists
- Confidentiality
- Confidentiality, Exceptions to
- Counseling Psychologists
- Counselors
- Debriefing, Research Participation and
- Empirically Supported Treatments
- Ethics Codes
- Evidence-Based Treatment
- Failure to Diagnose
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- History of Ethical Treatment of Mental Health Patients
- Homelessness, Mental Health and
- Institutional Review Boards
- Malpractice
- Managed Care
- Manualized Treatments
- Marriage and Family Therapists
- Military Service Members and Veterans, Mental Health and
- Multiple Relationships
- National Alliance on Mental Illness
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Negligence
- Paraprofessionals
- Prescriptive Authority
- Prevention
- Private Practice
- Professional and Ethical Issues: Overview
- Professional Organizations
- Pseudoscience and Clinical Psychology
- Psychiatric Nurses
- Psychiatrists
- School Psychologists
- Scientist-Practitioner Model
- Sexual Misconduct by Mental Health Professionals
- Social Workers
- Stigma
- Supervision
- World Health Organization
- Psychological Constructs
- Acceptance
- Adolescent Egocentrism
- Affect
- Alexithymia
- Anhedonia
- Anxiety Sensitivity
- Assertiveness Training
- Attribution
- Avoidance
- Behavioral Inhibition
- Catharsis
- Codependency
- Cognitive Bias
- Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive Distortions
- Core Conflictual Relationship Theme
- Countertransference
- Crying, Adult
- Defense Mechanisms
- Delay Discounting
- Disorganized Attachment and Risk for Disorders
- Distress Tolerance
- Eco-Map
- Emotion Regulation
- Emotional Intelligence
- Extinction
- Failure to Thrive
- Forgiveness
- Habituation and Exposure
- Hopelessness
- Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable
- Implicit Association Bias
- Impulsivity
- Inhibitory Learning and Exposure
- Interoceptive Awareness
- Intolerance of Uncertainty
- Learned Helplessness
- Loneliness
- Overgeneral Memory
- Perfectionism
- Post-Event Processing
- Preparedness
- Problem-Solving Deficits
- Procrastination
- Psychological Constructs: Overview
- Psychosexual Stages of Development and Psychoanalytic Theory
- Punishment, Positive and Negative
- Quality of Life
- Reassurance Seeking
- Recovered Memory
- Recurrence Versus Relapse
- Reflective Functioning
- Regression
- Reinforcement, Positive and Negative
- Repression
- Resilience
- Rumination
- Schema
- Secondary Gain
- Self-Criticism and Dependency
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Focused Attention
- Self-Regulation
- Self-Representation
- Separation-Individuation
- Shaping by Successive Approximations for the Desired Behavior
- Social Skills
- Social Support
- Sudden Gains in Treatment
- Temperament
- Therapeutic Alliance
- Thought Suppression
- Thought-Action Fusion
- Transference
- Unconditional Positive Regard, Client-Centered Therapy and
- Worry
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Research Methods
- ABAB Research Design
- Adoption Studies
- Analogue Research
- Base Rates and Predictions
- Behavioral Observation
- Between-Subjects Research Design
- Case Study
- Central Tendency and Variability
- Clinical Research Methods
- Clinical Significance
- Cohort Effects
- Confidence Intervals
- Confounding Variables
- Construct Validity
- Control Groups
- Convenience Sample
- Correlation
- Counterbalancing
- Cross-Sectional Research Design
- Debriefing, Research Participation and
- Demand Characteristics
- Dismantling Research Design
- Double-Blind Research Design
- Effect Size
- Endophenotypes
- Epidemiology
- Experience Sampling
- Experimental Research Design
- External Validity
- Face Validity
- Family Studies
- Floor and Ceiling Effects
- Genetic Research
- Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria and Psychological Research
- Incremental Validity
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Informed Consent and Psychological Research
- Intent-to-Treat
- Internal Validity
- Interrater Reliability
- Linkage Analysis
- Longitudinal Research Design
- Mediation
- Meta-Analysis
- Moderation
- Multiple-Baseline Design
- National Comorbidity Survey
- Null Hypothesis
- Open Label Trial
- Placebo Effect
- Power Analyses
- Practice-Based Evidence
- Prospective Research Design
- Qualitative Research Methods
- Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Regression Toward the Mean
- Reliability
- Representative Sample
- Research Domain Criteria
- Research Methods: Overview
- Research Reporting Guidelines
- Retrospective Reports
- Roadmap for Mental Health Research in Europe
- Sample Selection
- Sample Size
- Scientific Method, The
- Single-Case Research Designs
- SMART Research Design
- Snowball Sampling
- Statistical Significance
- Treatment Approaches, Effectiveness of
- Treatment Approaches, Efficacy of
- Treatment Fidelity
- Treatment Integrity
- Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
- Twin Studies
- Validity
- Withdrawal Research Design
- Within-Subjects Research Design
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
- Antipsychotic Medications
- Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
- Brief Psychotic Disorder
- Catatonia
- Clinician-Rated Psychopathology Domains for Schizophrenia
- Culturally Valued Dementia Hallucinations
- Delusional Disorder
- Delusions
- Dementia Praecox
- Dopaminergic Pathways and Schizophrenia
- Drift Hypothesis
- Expressed Emotion
- Formal Thought Disorder
- Genain Quadruplets
- Hallucination
- Negative Symptoms
- Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Positive Symptoms
- Postpartum Psychosis
- Prenatal Viral Exposure
- Prodromal and Residual Symptoms
- Schizoaffective Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Biological Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Epidemiology
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Overview
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Risk for
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Social Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Treatment
- Schizophreniform Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
- Tardive Akathisia
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Thought Broadcasting
- Thought Insertion
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Aversion Therapy
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity
- Covert Sensitization
- Delayed Ejaculation
- Directed Masturbation
- Exhibitionism
- Female Orgasmic Disorder
- Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
- Fetishism
- Frotteurism
- Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
- Hebephilia
- Human Sexual Response, Phases of
- Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
- Male Erectile Disorder
- Male Orgasmic Disorders
- Paraphilic Disorders
- Paraphilic Disorders: Biological Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Paraphilic Disorders: Epidemiology
- Paraphilic Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Paraphilic Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Paraphilic Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Risk for
- Paraphilic Disorders: Social Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment
- Pedophilia
- Premature Ejaculation
- Sensate Focus
- Sex Offenders
- Sex Reassignment Surgery
- Sex Therapy
- Sexual Aversion Disorder
- Sexual Desire
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Sexual Dysfunction: Biological Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Cultural Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Diagnosis
- Sexual Dysfunction: Epidemiology
- Sexual Dysfunction: Gender and Sex Differences
- Sexual Dysfunction: Lifespan Perspectives
- Sexual Dysfunction: Psychological Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Risk for
- Sexual Dysfunction: Social Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Treatment
- Sexual Masochism
- Sexual Orientation
- Sexual Practices and Sociocultural Influences
- Sexual Sadism
- Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
- Voyeurism
- Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Actigraphy
- Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
- Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
- Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder
- Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
- Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
- Dyssomnia
- Hypersomnolence Disorder
- Insomnia Disorder
- Insomnia Disorder: Treatment
- Jet Lag
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test
- Narcolepsy
- Night Terror
- Nightmare Disorder
- Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorders
- Parasomnia
- Polysomnography
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Restless Legs Syndrome
- Shift Work Disorder
- Sleep Apnea
- Sleep Bruxism
- Sleep Hygiene
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Biological Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Diagnosis
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Epidemiology
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Overview
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Risk for
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Social Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Treatment
- Sleepwalking
- Theories and Theoretical Frameworks
- Assimilative Integration
- Attachment Theory
- Attention, Models of
- Attention-Allocation Model
- Behavior Genetics
- Behavioral Economic Theory
- Behaviorism
- Biological Theoretical Framework
- Biopsychosocial Theoretical Framework
- Classical Conditioning
- Cognitive Behavioral Theoretical Framework
- Cognitive Content Specificity Hypothesis
- Community Psychology Theoretical Framework
- Cyclical Psychodynamics
- Diathesis-Stress Model
- Disaster Psychology
- Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
- Ego Psychology
- Emotional Processing Theory
- Evolutionary Theoretical Framework
- Existential Theoretical Framework
- Family Systems Theoretical Framework
- Feminist Theoretical Framework
- Holism
- Humanistic Theoretical Framework
- Interpersonal Theory
- Jungian Theoretical Framework
- Lifespan Development
- Narrative Theoretical Framework
- Object Relations Theoretical Framework
- Observational Learning
- Operant Conditioning
- Positive Psychology Theoretical Framework
- Psychodynamic Theoretical Framework
- Relational Frame Theory
- Self-Regulation Theory
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Social Learning Theory
- Sociocultural Theoretical Framework
- Suicide, Theories of
- Theories and Theoretical Frameworks: Overview
- Theory of Mind
- Transtheoretical Model
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
- Acute Stress Disorder
- Adjustment Disorders
- Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale
- Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Intergenerational Trauma
- Military Service Members and Veterans, Mental Health and
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment
- Prolonged Exposure
- Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Torture, Psychological Effects of
- Trauma
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Overview
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Risk for
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Treatment
- Treatment, Therapeutic Approaches, and Relevant Constructs Applications to Mental Health Disorders
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Treatment
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Treatment
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Treatment
- Bipolar Disorders: Treatment
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Treatment
- Borderline Personality Disorder: Treatment
- Communication Disorders: Treatment
- Conduct Disorder: Treatment
- Depressive Disorders: Treatment
- Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: Treatment
- Dissociative Disorders: Treatment
- Drug Use Disorders: Treatment
- Eating Disorders: Treatment
- Elimination Disorders: Treatment
- Feeding Disorders: Treatment
- Gender Dysphoria: Treatment
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Treatment
- History of Treatment for Mental Health Disorders
- Hoarding Disorder: Treatment
- Impulse Control Disorders: Treatment
- Intellectual Disability: Treatment
- Motor Disorders: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Treatment
- Panic Disorder: Treatment
- Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment
- Pastoral Counseling
- Personality Disorders: Treatment
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment
- Reactive Attachment Disorder: Treatment
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Treatment
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment
- Selective Mutism: Treatment
- Sexual Dysfunction: Treatment
- Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia: Treatment
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Specific Learning Disorder: Treatment
- Specific Phobia: Treatment
- Suicidality, Treatment of
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Treatment
- Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
- Trichotillomania: Treatment
- Biological Approaches
- Agonist Substitution
- Antianxiety Medications
- Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome
- Antidepressant Medications
- Antipsychotic Medications
- Atypical Antidepressants
- Benzodiazepines
- Cognitive Enhancers
- Deep Brain Stimulation
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Hormone Treatment
- Light Therapy
- Lithium
- Methadone Maintenance
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Mood-Stabilizing Medications
- Neurosurgery
- Psychopharmacology
- Psychosurgery
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
- Sex Reassignment Surgery
- Stimulant Medications
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Other Intervention Approaches
- Bibliotherapy
- Cognitive Rehabilitation
- Combination Therapy
- Complementary and Integrative Health Treatments
- Early Childhood Interventions
- mHealth
- Mobile Applications for Psychological Treatment
- Peer-Led Treatment
- Psychoeducation
- Secular Organizations for Sobriety
- Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART) for Addiction
- Social Skills Training and Children
- Teletherapy
- Other Relevant Constructs
- Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care
- Classification: Client Engagement in Therapy
- Clinical Case Management
- Clinical Video Telemental Health
- Competence in Psychotherapy
- Culturally Competent Treatment
- Emergency Treatment
- Health Disparities
- Informed Consent and Psychotherapy
- Inpatient Treatment
- Manualized Treatments
- Meditation
- Outcome Evaluation in Psychotherapy
- Pain Management
- Panic Control Treatment
- Progress and Process Notes
- Project MATCH
- Psychotherapy
- Psychotherapy Integration
- Recovery, Mental Health and
- Suicide, Crisis Intervention and
- Treatment Accessibility
- Treatment Approaches, Effectiveness of
- Treatment Approaches, Efficacy of
- Treatment Fidelity
- Treatment Integrity
- Treatment, Therapeutic Approaches, and Relevant Constructs: Overview
- University Counseling Centers
- Values and Biases in Therapy, Importance of
- Virtual Reality
- Psychotherapeutic Approaches
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Adlerian Psychology
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Anger Management Training
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Applied Tension for Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
- Art Therapy
- Aversion Therapy
- Behavior Therapy
- Behavioral Activation
- Biofeedback
- Client-Centered Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
- Cognitive Bias Modification
- Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Cognitive Therapy
- Compassion Focused Therapy
- Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Contingency Management
- Controlled Breathing
- Controlled Drinking
- Couple Therapy
- Covert Sensitization
- Detoxification
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Directed Masturbation
- Drama Therapy
- Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
- Eclectic Psychotherapy
- Emotion Regulation Therapy
- Emotion-Focused Therapy
- Exercise for Depression
- Exposure Therapy
- Exposure Therapy, Ethics in
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
- Family Therapy
- Gamblers Anonymous
- Gestalt Therapy
- Group Therapy
- Habit Reversal Training
- Hypnosis
- Imagery Rescripting
- Individual Therapy
- Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Integrative Psychotherapy
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- Jungian Psychoanalysis
- Logotherapy
- Memory Training for Dementia
- Mentalization Based Treatment
- Metacognitive Therapy
- Milieu Therapy
- Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
- Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
- Motivational Interviewing
- Multicultural Therapy
- Multidimensional Family Therapy
- Multimodal Therapy
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Music Therapy
- Narcotics Anonymous
- Narrative Therapy
- Neurofeedback
- Object Relations Therapy
- Parent Training
- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
- Play Therapy
- Positive Psychology in Clinical Practice
- Problem-Solving Therapy
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation
- Prolonged Exposure
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychodrama
- Psychodynamic Therapy
- Quality-of-Life Therapy
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Reality Therapy
- Relapse Prevention
- Relational Psychoanalysis
- Relational-Cultural Therapy
- Reminiscence Therapy
- Reparative Therapy and Conversion Therapy
- Replacement Skills Training for Deliberate Self-Harm
- Residential Treatment
- Schema Therapy
- Sensate Focus
- Sex Therapy
- Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- Social Skills Training and Adults
- Solution Focused Therapy
- Stimulus Control Therapy
- Strategic Family Therapy
- Stress Inoculation Training
- Stress Management
- Structural Family Therapy
- Suicide, Crisis Hotlines and
- Supportive-Expressive Therapy
- Systematic Desensitization
- Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Transference-Focused Psychotherapy
- Transpersonal Therapy
- Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders
- Treatment-Relevant Constructs
- Case Conceptualization
- Client Engagement in Therapy
- Common Factors in Psychotherapy
- Core Conflictual Relationship Theme
- Countertransference
- Cyclical Maladaptive Pattern
- Decentering
- Dream Analysis
- Eco-Map
- Expressive Writing
- Feminist Therapy
- Flooding
- Free Association, Psychoanalysis and
- Genogram
- Group Cohesiveness
- Homework in Treatment
- Interpretation, Psychoanalysis and
- Nonverbal Synchrony
- Patient Factors in Treatment
- Resistance in Psychotherapy
- Rumination: Treatment
- Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy
- Sleep Hygiene
- Stimulus Control and Behavior Analysis
- Sudden Gains in Treatment
- Termination of Treatment
- Therapeutic Alliance
- Therapeutic Alliance Ruptures
- Therapeutic Process Factors
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Therapist Credibility
- Thought Stopping
- Token Economy
- Transference
- Treatment Adherence
- Treatment Compliance
- Treatment Plans
- Unconditional Positive Regard, Client-Centered Therapy and
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