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Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors
Andrew B. Perkins
In: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology
Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors
Edited by: Amy Wenzel
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n624
Subject: Clinical Psychology (general)
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Perkins, A. (2017). Gender dysphoria: psychological factors. In A. Wenzel (Ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1541-1542). Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624
Perkins, Andrew B. "Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors." In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, edited by Amy Wenzel, 1541-1542. Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624.
Perkins, A 2017, 'Gender dysphoria: psychological factors', in Wenzel, A (ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology, SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks,, CA, pp. 1541-1542, viewed 23 February 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624.
Perkins, Andrew B. "Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology. Ed. Amy Wenzel. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks,: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. 1541-1542. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 23 Feb. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624.
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As a diagnosis, gender dysphoria represents a complex interaction between cultural, social, familial, biological, and psychological factors. Although psychological factors are, arguably, an essential aspect of any psychological disorder, the focus in this entry is on psychological theories about the development of gender dysphoria, the psychological characteristics of the disorder, how stigma and prejudice affect individuals with gender dysphoria, and associated psychological characteristics.
Psychological Theories Related to the Development of Gender DysphoriaThe exact cause of gender dysphoria is unknown. However, several primarily psychological theories have been put forth to try to explain the development of gender dysphoria. At one point, psychological factors (interpsychic or intrapsychic) were thought to be wholly responsible for the development of gender dysphoria, but most modern evidence disputes this notion. As such, ...
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- Dissociative Identity Disorder
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- Bulimia Nervosa
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- Feeding Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Feeding Disorders: Risk for
- Feeding Disorders: Social Factors
- Female Athlete Triad
- Night Eating Syndrome
- Normal Weight
- Obesity
- Orthorexia
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- Purging Disorder
- Self-Esteem, Eating Disorders and
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
- Social Standards of Beauty
- Gender Dysphoria
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- Gender Dysphoria: Cultural Factors
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- Gender Dysphoria: Epidemiology
- Gender Dysphoria: Gender and Sex Differences
- Gender Dysphoria: Lifespan Perspectives
- Gender Dysphoria: Overview
- Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Risk for
- Gender Dysphoria: Social Factors
- Gender Dysphoria: Treatment
- Health Psychology
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- Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care
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- Conversion Disorder
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- Headaches, Stress and
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- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
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- Stress
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- Historical Context
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), History of
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- O’Connor v. Donaldson
- Olmstead v. L. C.
- Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
- Wyatt v. Stickney
- Advanced Psychiatric Directives
- American Law Institute Rule
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Assent
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Best Interest of the Child
- Burden of Proof
- Civil Commitment
- Competence to Stand Trial
- Confidentiality, Exceptions to
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- Bipolar Disorders: Risk for
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- Bipolar I Disorder
- Bipolar II Disorder
- Cyclothymic Disorder
- Depression in Childhood
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- Depression in Childhood: Lifespan Perspectives
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- Depression in Childhood: Risk for
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- Depressive Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Diagnosis
- Depressive Disorders: Epidemiology
- Depressive Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Depressive Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Depressive Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Risk for
- Depressive Disorders: Social Factors
- Depressive Disorders: Treatment
- Double Depression
- Dysphoric Mood
- Exercise for Depression
- Hopelessness
- Hypomania
- Learned Helplessness
- Lithium
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Mania
- Melancholia
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- Mood
- Mood Disorders: Overview
- Mood-Stabilizing Medications
- Negative Affect
- Pathological Grief Reaction
- Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Postpartum Blues
- Postpartum Depression
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- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Prolonged Grief Disorder
- Rapid Cycling
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment
- Substance-Induced Mood Disorder
- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Excoriation
- Hoarding Disorder
- Hoarding Disorder: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Biological Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Diagnosis
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Epidemiology
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Overview
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Risk for
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Social Factors
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Treatment
- Trichotillomania
- Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
- Personality and Personality Disorders
- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Biosocial Theory of Borderline Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Developmental Taxonomy of Antisocial Behavior
- Five-Factor Model of Personality
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Interpersonal Pathoplasticity
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Personality and Personality Disorders: Overview
- Personality Disorders
- Personality Disorders: Biological Factors
- Personality Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Personality Disorders: Diagnosis
- Personality Disorders: Epidemiology
- Personality Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Personality Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Personality Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Personality Disorders: Risk for
- Personality Disorders: Social Factors
- Personality Disorders: Treatment
- Personality Inventories
- Personality, Cultural Factors and
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- Psychopathy
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Structure of Personality and Psychoanalytic Theory
- Professional and Ethical Issues
- Addictions Nursing
- American Psychological Association
- Assent
- Belmont Report
- Certification
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- Confidentiality
- Confidentiality, Exceptions to
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- Counselors
- Debriefing, Research Participation and
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- Ethics Codes
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- Failure to Diagnose
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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- Homelessness, Mental Health and
- Institutional Review Boards
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- Managed Care
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- Marriage and Family Therapists
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- Multiple Relationships
- National Alliance on Mental Illness
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Negligence
- Paraprofessionals
- Prescriptive Authority
- Prevention
- Private Practice
- Professional and Ethical Issues: Overview
- Professional Organizations
- Pseudoscience and Clinical Psychology
- Psychiatric Nurses
- Psychiatrists
- School Psychologists
- Scientist-Practitioner Model
- Sexual Misconduct by Mental Health Professionals
- Social Workers
- Stigma
- Supervision
- World Health Organization
- Psychological Constructs
- Acceptance
- Adolescent Egocentrism
- Affect
- Alexithymia
- Anhedonia
- Anxiety Sensitivity
- Assertiveness Training
- Attribution
- Avoidance
- Behavioral Inhibition
- Catharsis
- Codependency
- Cognitive Bias
- Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive Distortions
- Core Conflictual Relationship Theme
- Countertransference
- Crying, Adult
- Defense Mechanisms
- Delay Discounting
- Disorganized Attachment and Risk for Disorders
- Distress Tolerance
- Eco-Map
- Emotion Regulation
- Emotional Intelligence
- Extinction
- Failure to Thrive
- Forgiveness
- Habituation and Exposure
- Hopelessness
- Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable
- Implicit Association Bias
- Impulsivity
- Inhibitory Learning and Exposure
- Interoceptive Awareness
- Intolerance of Uncertainty
- Learned Helplessness
- Loneliness
- Overgeneral Memory
- Perfectionism
- Post-Event Processing
- Preparedness
- Problem-Solving Deficits
- Procrastination
- Psychological Constructs: Overview
- Psychosexual Stages of Development and Psychoanalytic Theory
- Punishment, Positive and Negative
- Quality of Life
- Reassurance Seeking
- Recovered Memory
- Recurrence Versus Relapse
- Reflective Functioning
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- Reinforcement, Positive and Negative
- Repression
- Resilience
- Rumination
- Schema
- Secondary Gain
- Self-Criticism and Dependency
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Focused Attention
- Self-Regulation
- Self-Representation
- Separation-Individuation
- Shaping by Successive Approximations for the Desired Behavior
- Social Skills
- Social Support
- Sudden Gains in Treatment
- Temperament
- Therapeutic Alliance
- Thought Suppression
- Thought-Action Fusion
- Transference
- Unconditional Positive Regard, Client-Centered Therapy and
- Worry
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Research Methods
- ABAB Research Design
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- Base Rates and Predictions
- Behavioral Observation
- Between-Subjects Research Design
- Case Study
- Central Tendency and Variability
- Clinical Research Methods
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- Confidence Intervals
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- Control Groups
- Convenience Sample
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- Counterbalancing
- Cross-Sectional Research Design
- Debriefing, Research Participation and
- Demand Characteristics
- Dismantling Research Design
- Double-Blind Research Design
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- Epidemiology
- Experience Sampling
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- External Validity
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- Floor and Ceiling Effects
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- Incremental Validity
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- Informed Consent and Psychological Research
- Intent-to-Treat
- Internal Validity
- Interrater Reliability
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- Moderation
- Multiple-Baseline Design
- National Comorbidity Survey
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- Reliability
- Representative Sample
- Research Domain Criteria
- Research Methods: Overview
- Research Reporting Guidelines
- Retrospective Reports
- Roadmap for Mental Health Research in Europe
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- Sample Size
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- Single-Case Research Designs
- SMART Research Design
- Snowball Sampling
- Statistical Significance
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- Treatment Approaches, Efficacy of
- Treatment Fidelity
- Treatment Integrity
- Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
- Twin Studies
- Validity
- Withdrawal Research Design
- Within-Subjects Research Design
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
- Antipsychotic Medications
- Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
- Brief Psychotic Disorder
- Catatonia
- Clinician-Rated Psychopathology Domains for Schizophrenia
- Culturally Valued Dementia Hallucinations
- Delusional Disorder
- Delusions
- Dementia Praecox
- Dopaminergic Pathways and Schizophrenia
- Drift Hypothesis
- Expressed Emotion
- Formal Thought Disorder
- Genain Quadruplets
- Hallucination
- Negative Symptoms
- Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Positive Symptoms
- Postpartum Psychosis
- Prenatal Viral Exposure
- Prodromal and Residual Symptoms
- Schizoaffective Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Biological Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Epidemiology
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Overview
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Risk for
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Social Factors
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Treatment
- Schizophreniform Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
- Tardive Akathisia
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Thought Broadcasting
- Thought Insertion
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Aversion Therapy
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity
- Covert Sensitization
- Delayed Ejaculation
- Directed Masturbation
- Exhibitionism
- Female Orgasmic Disorder
- Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
- Fetishism
- Frotteurism
- Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
- Hebephilia
- Human Sexual Response, Phases of
- Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
- Male Erectile Disorder
- Male Orgasmic Disorders
- Paraphilic Disorders
- Paraphilic Disorders: Biological Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Diagnosis
- Paraphilic Disorders: Epidemiology
- Paraphilic Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Paraphilic Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Paraphilic Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Risk for
- Paraphilic Disorders: Social Factors
- Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment
- Pedophilia
- Premature Ejaculation
- Sensate Focus
- Sex Offenders
- Sex Reassignment Surgery
- Sex Therapy
- Sexual Aversion Disorder
- Sexual Desire
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Sexual Dysfunction: Biological Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Cultural Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Diagnosis
- Sexual Dysfunction: Epidemiology
- Sexual Dysfunction: Gender and Sex Differences
- Sexual Dysfunction: Lifespan Perspectives
- Sexual Dysfunction: Psychological Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Risk for
- Sexual Dysfunction: Social Factors
- Sexual Dysfunction: Treatment
- Sexual Masochism
- Sexual Orientation
- Sexual Practices and Sociocultural Influences
- Sexual Sadism
- Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
- Voyeurism
- Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Actigraphy
- Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
- Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
- Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder
- Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
- Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
- Dyssomnia
- Hypersomnolence Disorder
- Insomnia Disorder
- Insomnia Disorder: Treatment
- Jet Lag
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test
- Narcolepsy
- Night Terror
- Nightmare Disorder
- Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorders
- Parasomnia
- Polysomnography
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Restless Legs Syndrome
- Shift Work Disorder
- Sleep Apnea
- Sleep Bruxism
- Sleep Hygiene
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Biological Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Cultural Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Diagnosis
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Epidemiology
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Gender and Sex Differences
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Lifespan Perspectives
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Overview
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Psychological Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Risk for
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Social Factors
- Sleep-Wake Disorders: Treatment
- Sleepwalking
- Theories and Theoretical Frameworks
- Assimilative Integration
- Attachment Theory
- Attention, Models of
- Attention-Allocation Model
- Behavior Genetics
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- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Psychological Factors
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- Alcohol Use Disorder: Treatment
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- Dissociative Disorders: Treatment
- Drug Use Disorders: Treatment
- Eating Disorders: Treatment
- Elimination Disorders: Treatment
- Feeding Disorders: Treatment
- Gender Dysphoria: Treatment
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Treatment
- History of Treatment for Mental Health Disorders
- Hoarding Disorder: Treatment
- Impulse Control Disorders: Treatment
- Intellectual Disability: Treatment
- Motor Disorders: Treatment
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Treatment
- Panic Disorder: Treatment
- Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment
- Pastoral Counseling
- Personality Disorders: Treatment
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment
- Reactive Attachment Disorder: Treatment
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Treatment
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment
- Selective Mutism: Treatment
- Sexual Dysfunction: Treatment
- Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia: Treatment
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Treatment
- Specific Learning Disorder: Treatment
- Specific Phobia: Treatment
- Suicidality, Treatment of
- Tobacco Use Disorder: Treatment
- Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
- Trichotillomania: Treatment
- Biological Approaches
- Agonist Substitution
- Antianxiety Medications
- Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome
- Antidepressant Medications
- Antipsychotic Medications
- Atypical Antidepressants
- Benzodiazepines
- Cognitive Enhancers
- Deep Brain Stimulation
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Hormone Treatment
- Light Therapy
- Lithium
- Methadone Maintenance
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Mood-Stabilizing Medications
- Neurosurgery
- Psychopharmacology
- Psychosurgery
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
- Sex Reassignment Surgery
- Stimulant Medications
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- Other Intervention Approaches
- Bibliotherapy
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- Combination Therapy
- Complementary and Integrative Health Treatments
- Early Childhood Interventions
- mHealth
- Mobile Applications for Psychological Treatment
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- Social Skills Training and Children
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- Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care
- Classification: Client Engagement in Therapy
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- Competence in Psychotherapy
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- Emergency Treatment
- Health Disparities
- Informed Consent and Psychotherapy
- Inpatient Treatment
- Manualized Treatments
- Meditation
- Outcome Evaluation in Psychotherapy
- Pain Management
- Panic Control Treatment
- Progress and Process Notes
- Project MATCH
- Psychotherapy
- Psychotherapy Integration
- Recovery, Mental Health and
- Suicide, Crisis Intervention and
- Treatment Accessibility
- Treatment Approaches, Effectiveness of
- Treatment Approaches, Efficacy of
- Treatment Fidelity
- Treatment Integrity
- Treatment, Therapeutic Approaches, and Relevant Constructs: Overview
- University Counseling Centers
- Values and Biases in Therapy, Importance of
- Virtual Reality
- Psychotherapeutic Approaches
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Adlerian Psychology
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Anger Management Training
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Applied Tension for Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
- Art Therapy
- Aversion Therapy
- Behavior Therapy
- Behavioral Activation
- Biofeedback
- Client-Centered Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
- Cognitive Bias Modification
- Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Cognitive Therapy
- Compassion Focused Therapy
- Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Contingency Management
- Controlled Breathing
- Controlled Drinking
- Couple Therapy
- Covert Sensitization
- Detoxification
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Directed Masturbation
- Drama Therapy
- Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
- Eclectic Psychotherapy
- Emotion Regulation Therapy
- Emotion-Focused Therapy
- Exercise for Depression
- Exposure Therapy
- Exposure Therapy, Ethics in
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
- Family Therapy
- Gamblers Anonymous
- Gestalt Therapy
- Group Therapy
- Habit Reversal Training
- Hypnosis
- Imagery Rescripting
- Individual Therapy
- Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Integrative Psychotherapy
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- Jungian Psychoanalysis
- Logotherapy
- Memory Training for Dementia
- Mentalization Based Treatment
- Metacognitive Therapy
- Milieu Therapy
- Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
- Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
- Motivational Interviewing
- Multicultural Therapy
- Multidimensional Family Therapy
- Multimodal Therapy
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Music Therapy
- Narcotics Anonymous
- Narrative Therapy
- Neurofeedback
- Object Relations Therapy
- Parent Training
- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
- Play Therapy
- Positive Psychology in Clinical Practice
- Problem-Solving Therapy
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation
- Prolonged Exposure
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychodrama
- Psychodynamic Therapy
- Quality-of-Life Therapy
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Reality Therapy
- Relapse Prevention
- Relational Psychoanalysis
- Relational-Cultural Therapy
- Reminiscence Therapy
- Reparative Therapy and Conversion Therapy
- Replacement Skills Training for Deliberate Self-Harm
- Residential Treatment
- Schema Therapy
- Sensate Focus
- Sex Therapy
- Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- Social Skills Training and Adults
- Solution Focused Therapy
- Stimulus Control Therapy
- Strategic Family Therapy
- Stress Inoculation Training
- Stress Management
- Structural Family Therapy
- Suicide, Crisis Hotlines and
- Supportive-Expressive Therapy
- Systematic Desensitization
- Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy
- Transference-Focused Psychotherapy
- Transpersonal Therapy
- Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders
- Treatment-Relevant Constructs
- Case Conceptualization
- Client Engagement in Therapy
- Common Factors in Psychotherapy
- Core Conflictual Relationship Theme
- Countertransference
- Cyclical Maladaptive Pattern
- Decentering
- Dream Analysis
- Eco-Map
- Expressive Writing
- Feminist Therapy
- Flooding
- Free Association, Psychoanalysis and
- Genogram
- Group Cohesiveness
- Homework in Treatment
- Interpretation, Psychoanalysis and
- Nonverbal Synchrony
- Patient Factors in Treatment
- Resistance in Psychotherapy
- Rumination: Treatment
- Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy
- Sleep Hygiene
- Stimulus Control and Behavior Analysis
- Sudden Gains in Treatment
- Termination of Treatment
- Therapeutic Alliance
- Therapeutic Alliance Ruptures
- Therapeutic Process Factors
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Therapist Credibility
- Thought Stopping
- Token Economy
- Transference
- Treatment Adherence
- Treatment Compliance
- Treatment Plans
- Unconditional Positive Regard, Client-Centered Therapy and
- Addictive Disorders
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Citations
Perkins, A. (2017). Gender dysphoria: psychological factors. In A. Wenzel (Ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1541-1542). Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624
Perkins, Andrew B. "Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors." In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, edited by Amy Wenzel, 1541-1542. Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624.
Perkins, A 2017, 'Gender dysphoria: psychological factors', in Wenzel, A (ed.), The sage encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology, SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks,, CA, pp. 1541-1542, viewed 23 February 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624.
Perkins, Andrew B. "Gender Dysphoria: Psychological Factors." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology. Ed. Amy Wenzel. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks,: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. 1541-1542. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 23 Feb. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483365817.n624.
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