Before 1980 that surfaced as major forces in the transformations and multiple frictions in deaf education from 1980 onward. No longer is it defined [Page 171]by the simple polarization between oralism and manualism even though the assumptions behind those opposing views still prevail as forces in the changing landscape of deaf education. Brown v. Board of Education, a 1954 civic rights landmark has a lot to do with the turn of events that in 1975 culminated in the passage of a federal legislation known as The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which was reauthorized in 1990 with a new name, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The second development that had its beginning in late 1960s concerns efforts to make changes to ASL ...