p-Value
In: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods
p-Value
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n421
Subject: Survey Research
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The probability value (abbreviated “p-value”), which can range from 0.0 to 1.0, refers to a numeric quantity computed for sample statistics within the context of hypothesis testing. More specifically, the p-value is the probability of observing a test statistic that is at least as extreme as the quantity computed using the sample data. The “probability” is computed using a reference distribution that is generally derived using the null hypothesis. The phrase extreme is usually interpreted with respect to the direction of the alternative hypothesis—if two tailed, then the p-value represents the probability of observing a test statistic that is at least as large in absolute value as the number computed from sample data. Put another way, the p-value can be interpreted as the likelihood that ...
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