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Racial Inequality: Returns to Educational Investments
The past four decades have witnessed considerable changes in both the supply of college-educated adults and the demand for skilled labor. Investing in human capital through education has historically produced high returns. However, those most underrepresented in education (racial minorities in particular) have historically received the lowest returns for their investments. This trend indicates both socioeconomic and racial inequality in returns to education. However, this pattern appears to be disappearing. Recent cohort studies of trends in returns to education indicate that individuals least likely to complete more education appear to earn higher rewards in earnings.
Historical Variation in Returns to Education
Research has shown that each additional year of education and each additional educational credential are associated with higher earnings, higher-status careers, and greater life satisfaction. ...
- Abstract/Concrete Attitudes
- Assimilation Without Acculturation
- Attitude/Achievement Paradox
- Banking Concept of Education
- Concerted Cultivation/Natural Growth
- Cooled Out
- Cultural Capital
- Hidden Curriculum
- Household Educational Resources
- Intergenerational Closure
- Maximally Maintained Inequality
- Meritocracy
- Mobility, Contest Versus Sponsored
- Social Capital
- Summer Setback
- Tournament Track Mobility
- Adolescent Sexual Behavior
- Cheerleading Equity Policy
- Cultural Capital and Gender
- Gender And School Sports
- Gender Inequality: College Enrollment and Completion
- Gender Inequality: College Major
- Gender Inequality: High School Dropout Rates
- Gender Inequality: Mathematics
- Gender Inequality: Occupational Segregation of Teachers
- Gender Inequality: Returns to Educational Investments
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues and Schooling
- Sex Education
- Sexism in Education
- Single-Sex Education
- Teen Pregnancy and Education
- Title IX
- Women in Math/Science
- Asian Americans
- Black Cultural Capital
- Burden of Acting White
- Ebonics (African American English) and Education
- Immigrant Adaptation
- Immigrants, Children of
- Mexican American Students
- Migrant Students
- Multicultural Navigators
- Multiculturalism/Multicultural Education
- Multiracial Students
- Native American Students
- Noncompliant Believers, Cultural Mainstreamers, and Cultural Straddlers
- Oppositional Culture
- Race and Cultural Capital
- Racial Climate on Campus
- Racial Inequality: Achievement
- Racial Inequality: College Enrollment and Completion
- Racial Inequality: High School Dropout Rates
- Racial Inequality: Returns to Educational Investments
- Racism in Education
- Affluent Children
- Class Inequality: Achievement
- Class Inequality: College Enrollment and Completion
- Class Inequality: High School Dropout Rates
- Digital Divide/Digital Capital
- Poverty and Education
- Savings for College/Education
- Wealth and Education
- Cognitive Skill/Intellectual Skill
- Credit for Work Experience, College Students
- Credit for Work Experience, High School Students
- Earning Potential and Education
- Educational Aspirations/Expectations
- Home Schooling
- Incarcerated Students
- IQ
- Labor Market Effects on Education
- Military Involvement/Military Service
- Neighborhood Effects
- Occupational Aspirations/Expectations
- Online Education
- Residential Mobility and Education
- School Catchment Zones, Politically Defined School Boundaries
- School Mobility and Education
- School-to-Work Transitions
- Student Work and Educational Effects
- Alabama
- Alaska
- American Samoa
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- District of Columbia
- Florida
- Georgia
- Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands
- Hawai'i
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Puerto Rico
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Brown V. Board of Education
- Busing
- Curriculum Standardization
- Educational Policymakers
- Expansion of Education
- Feeder Patterns/Catchment Zones
- Funding of Schools
- Governmental Influences on Education
- Informal Fundraising in Schools
- Leadership in Schools
- Magnet Schools
- No Child Left Behind
- Opportunity to Learn Standards
- Race Sensitive Admission Policies/Affirmative Action
- Race to the Top
- School Reentry
- Content and Text Analysis
- Ethnography
- Feminist Critiques of Educational Research
- Feminist Research Methodology
- International Data
- Longitudinal Studies of Education
- Policy-Oriented Research
- Positivism, Antipositivism, and Empiricism
- Qualitative Research on Education
- Quantitative Research on Education
- Research Paradigms in Educational Studies
- Conflict Theory of Education
- Constructivism
- Critical Discourse Analysis
- Critical Race Theory in Education
- Critical Theory of Education
- Epistemological Issues in Educational Research
- Feminist Critiques of Educational Practices
- Functionalist Theory of Education
- Gender Theories in Education
- Hermeneutics
- Human Capital Theory
- Life Course Perspective and Education
- Montessori
- Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Education
- Postmodernism and Education
- Reggio Emilia Approach
- Resistance Theory
- Sociocultural Approaches to Learning and Development
- Status Attainment
- Waldorf
- Child Care
- Extended Kinship and Education
- Family Structure and Education
- Grandparents' Role in Education
- Homeless Children
- Maternal Education
- Parent Education
- Parental Cultural Capital
- Parental Educational Expectations
- Parental Involvement
- Parent-Teacher Associations
- Reading to Children
- School-Parent Relationships
- Sibling Effects in Education
- Single-Parent Household Structure and Education
- Stepparent Household Structure and Education
- Working Parents
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Angola
- Argentina
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahamas
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Czech Republic and Slovakia
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Ethiopia
- European Union
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Ghana
- Globalization
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- India
- Indonesia
- International College Partnerships (Sister Colleges)
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Laos
- Lebanon
- Libya
- Madagascar
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Morocco
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Palestinian Territories
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sudan
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syria
- Taiwan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkey
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Adolescence
- Age Grouping of Students
- Childhood
- Classroom Dynamics
- Classroom Interactions Between Students
- Early Childhood
- Intergenerational Closure
- Morale in Schools
- Political Activism (Student) and Student Movements
- Popularity in School
- Self-Esteem
- Student Attachment to School
- Student Roles in the Classroom
- Youth Cultures and Subcultures
- Youth Friendship and Conflict in Schools
- Adult Education
- Adult Literacy
- Advanced Degrees
- Black Colleges and Universities, Historically
- College Advising
- College Proximity
- College Transferring
- Community Colleges
- International College Partnerships (Sister Colleges)
- Liberal Arts Education
- Overeducation
- Service Learning
- Administration of Education
- Alternative and Second Chance Education
- Catholic Schools
- Private Schools
- Religious Education
- Resource Allocation in Schools
- School Organization
- School Size/Class Size
- Schools as Bureaucracies
- Aggressive Behaviors in Classrooms
- Corporal Punishment
- Discipline in Education
- Drinking and Education, Adolescent
- Drug Use and Education
- Suspensions
- Tardiness
- Truancy
- Violence in Schools
- Ability Grouping
- Advanced and Honors Classes
- After-School Programs
- Agricultural Education
- At-Risk Students
- Baccalaureate Education, Pre-International
- Bilingual Education
- Blind Students
- Boarding Schools
- Charter Schools
- Classroom Language
- De Facto Tracking
- Deaf Students
- De-Tracking
- Disabled Students
- Dropouts
- Early Graduates
- Elementary Education
- English as a Second Language
- English Proficiency/Fluent English Proficient Students
- Extracurricular Activities
- Failing Schools
- Field Trips
- For-Profit Education
- Grade Inflation
- Grading
- Head Start
- High School Exit Exams
- Homework
- Immersion
- International Baccalaureate Education
- Libraries, School
- Magnet Schools
- Museums
- Music Education
- Physical Education
- Preschool Programs
- Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)
- Rural Schooling
- School Choice
- School Effects
- Secondary Education
- Skipping Grades
- Social Promotion and Grade Retention
- Special Education
- Sports and Schools
- Standardized Testing
- Study Abroad
- Summer School
- Technology Education
- Technology in the Classroom
- Television and Education
- Textbooks
- Theater Education
- Tracking
- Transitions, School
- Urban Schooling
- Voucher Programs
- Year-Round School
- Classroom Interactions: Teachers and Students
- Deskilling of the Teaching Profession
- Ethics in Education
- Guidance Counselors, Role of
- Professional Socialization of Teachers
- School Counseling
- Social Psychological Theories of Teaching
- Social Role of the Teacher
- Social Status of Teachers
- Student-Teacher Racial Mismatch
- Student/Teacher Ratio
- Teacher Attrition
- Teacher Decision-Making Power
- Teacher Expectations
- Teacher Placement and Staffing
- Teacher Recruitment, Induction, and Retention
- Training of Teachers
- Underqualified Teachers
- Unions of Teachers
- Bell Curve, The
- Bernstein, Basil
- Bidwell, Charles
- Bloom, Allen
- Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis
- Brookover, Wilbur B.
- Coleman Report, The
- Dewey, John
- Durkheim, Émile
- Freire, Paulo
- Hallinan, Maureen
- Hauser, Robert
- Jencks, Christopher
- Kerckhoff, Alan C.
- Lareau, Annette
- MacLeod, Jay
- Marx, Karl (Marxism and Education)
- Meyer, John
- Nation at Risk, A
- Oakes, Jeannie
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
- Sewell, William
- Weber, Max
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