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Social Movement Media, Anti-Apartheid (South Africa)
The alternative press in South Africa has a long pedigree. This entry traces its development from the 1860s through the 1990s and its dogged struggle to give voice to the non-White majority.
The Beginnings, 18601950
Due to the country's early industrialization and urbanization, and ...
- Cinema, Television, and Video
- Activist Cinema in the 1970s (France)
- Appalshop (United States)
- Beheading Videos (Iraq/Transnational)
- Berber Video-Films (Morocco)
- Black Exploitation Cinema (United States)
- Challenge for Change Film Movement (Canada)
- Cine Insurgente/Rebel Cinema (Argentina)
- COR TV, 2006, Oaxaca (México)
- Deep Dish TV (United States)
- DIVA TV and ACT UP (United States)
- Documentary Film for Social Change (India)
- Kayapó Video (Brasil)
- Media Education Foundation (United States)
- Medvedkine Groups and Workers' Cinema (France)
- Paper Tiger Television (United States)
- Political Critique in Nollywood Video-Films (Nigeria)
- Public Access
- Sixth Generation Cinema (China)
- Third Cinema
- Video SEWA (India)
- Concept and Topic Overviews
- Alternative Media
- Alternative Media
- Alternative Media at Political Summits
- Alternative Media Global Project
- Alternative Media: Policy Issues
- Anarchist Media
- Citizen Journalism
- Citizens' Media
- Community Media and the Third Sector
- Creative Commons
- Culture Jamming
- Environmental Movement Media
- Feminist Media: An Overview
- Grassroots Tech Activists and Media Policy
- Human Rights Media
- Indigenous Peoples' Media
- Installation Art Media
- Leninist Underground Media Model
- Media Infrastructure Policy and Media Activism
- Mobile Communication and Social Movements
- New Media and Activism
- Participatory Media
- Performance Art and Social Movement Media: Augusto Boal
- Public Access
- Third Cinema
- Youth Media
- Youth-Generated Media
- Cultural Contestations (see also Performance Art Media and Popular Song)
- Adbusters Media Foundation (Canada)
- Angry Buddhist Monk Phenomenon (Southeast Asia)
- Barbie Liberation Organization (United States)
- Bhangra, Resistance, and Rituals (South Asia/Transnational)
- Chipko Environmental Movement Media (India)
- Church of Life After Shopping (United States)
- Culture Jamming
- Dance as Social Activism (South Asia)
- Eland Ceremony, Abatwa People's (Southern Africa)
- EuroMayDay
- HIV/AIDS Media (India)
- Mawonaj (Haïti)
- May 1968 Poetry and Graffiti (France/Transnational)
- Murals (Northern Ireland)
- Parodies of Dominant Discourse (Zambia)
- Political Cartooning, 1870s-Present (India)
- Political Jokes (Zimbabwe)
- Resistance Through Ridicule (Africa)
- Sex Workers' Blogs
- Vernacular Poetry Audiotapes in the Arab World
- Yes Men, The (United States)
- Youth Rock Music (China)
- Feminist Media
- Gay and Lesbian Media
- Human Rights Media
- Independence Movement Media
- Black Atlantic Liberation Media (Transnational)
- Independence Movement Media (India)
- Independence Movement Media (Vietnam)
- Kurdish “Mountain” Journalism
- New Culture and May 4th Movements Media (China)
- Palestinian Interwar Press
- Tamil Nationalist Media (Sri Lanka/Transnational)
- Zionist Movement Media, Pre–1948
- Indigenous Peoples' Media
- Information Policy Activism
- Internet
- AlterNet (United States)
- Arab Bloggers as Citizen Journalists (Transnational)
- Bloggers Under Occupation, 2003- (Iraq)
- Center for Digital Storytelling (United States)
- Hong Kong In-Media
- Indymedia (The Independent Media Center)
- Indymedia and Gender
- Indymedia: East Asia
- Internet and the Fall of Dictatorship (Indonesia)
- Internet Social Movement Media (Hong Kong)
- Mobile Communication and Social Movements
- New Media and Activism
- Online Diaspora (Zambia)
- Online Nationalism (China)
- Radical Software (United States)
- Social Movement Media in 2009 Crisis (Iran)
- Labor Media
- News
- Democracy Now! and Pacifica Radio (United States)
- Al-Jazeera as Global Alternative News Source (Qatar/Transnational)
- Alternative Information Center (Israel and Palestine)
- ANCLA Clandestine News Agency (Argentina)
- Barricada TV (Argentina)
- BiA Independent Communication Network (Turkey)
- Citizen Journalism
- National Alternative Media Network (Argentina)
- Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool
- OhmyNews (Korea)
- Third World Network (Malaysia)
- Performance Art Media
- Boxer Rebellion Theater (China)
- El Teatro Campesino
- Indian People's Theatre Association
- Madang Street Theater (Korea)
- Performance Art and Social Movement Media: Augusto Boal
- Sarabhai Family and the Darpana Academy (India)
- Social Movement and Modern Dance (Bengal)
- Street Theater (Canada)
- Street Theater (India)
- Popular Song
- Dischord Records (United States)
- La Nova Cançó Protest Song (Països Catalans)
- Lookout! Records (United States)
- Music and Dissent (Ghana and Nigeria)
- Music and Social Protest (Malawi)
- Political Song (Liberia and Sierra Leone)
- Political Song (Northern Ireland)
- Popular Music and Political Expression (Côte d'Ivoire)
- Popular Music and Protest (Ethiopia)
- Protest Music (Haïti)
- Reggae and Resistance (Jamaica)
- Rembetiko Songs (Greece)
- Press
- Alternative Comics (United States)
- Alternative Local Press (United Kingdom)
- Anarchist and Libertarian Media, 1945–2010 (Federal Germany)
- Anarchist and Libertarian Press, 1945–1990 (Eastern Germany)
- Anti–Anticommunist Media Under McCarthyism (United States)
- Ballyhoo Magazine (United States)
- Belle de Jour Blog (United Kingdom)
- Black Press (United States)
- Dangwai Magazines (Taiwan)
- Fantagraphics Books (United States)
- Le Monde diplomatique (France/Transnational)
- Leeds Other Paper/Northern Star (United Kingdom)
- Leveller Magazine (United Kingdom)
- Love and Rockets Comic Books (United States)
- Mother Earth (United States)
- RAW Magazine (United States)
- Southern Patriot, The, 1942–1973 (United States)
- Spare Rib Magazine (United Kingdom)
- Spread Magazine (United States)
- Stay Free! Magazine (United States)
- Tehelka Magazine (India)
- Wartime Underground Resistance Press, 1941–1944 (Greece)
- Whole Earth Catalog (United States)
- Radio
- Christian Radio (United States)
- Community Broadcasting (Canada)
- Community Radio (Haïti)
- Community Radio (Ireland)
- Community Radio (Sri Lanka)
- Community Radio and Podcasting (United States)
- Community Radio in Pau da Lima (Brasil)
- Community Radio Movement (India)
- Community Radio Stations (Brasil)
- Free Radio (Austria)
- Free Radio Movement (Italy)
- Free Radio Movement, 1974–1981 (France)
- Low-Power FM Radio (United States)
- Miners' Radio Stations (Bolivia)
- Nairobi Slumdwellers' Media (Kenya)
- Pirate Radio (Israel)
- Pirate Radio (Lebanon)
- Prisoners' Radio
- Prometheus Radio Project (United States)
- Radio Andaquí and the Belén Media School (Colombia)
- Radio La Tribu (Argentina)
- Radio Lorraine Coeur d'Acier (France)
- Radio Mille Collines and Kangura Magazine (Rwanda)
- Radio Student and Radio Mars (Slovenia)
- Social Movement Media
- Samizdat Underground Media (Soviet Bloc)
- Suara Independen (Indonesia)
- Alliance for Community Media (United States)
- Alternative Media (Malaysia)
- Alternative Media Center (United States)
- Alternative Media Heritage in Latin America
- Anti–Fascist Media, 1922–1945 (Italy)
- Anticolonial Press (British Colonial Africa)
- Audiocassettes and Political Critique (Kenya)
- Channel Four TV and Underground Radio (Taiwan)
- Chipko Environmental Movement Media (India)
- Communist Movement Media, 1950s–1960s (Hong Kong)
- Community Broadcasting Audiences (Australia)
- Community Media (Venezuela)
- Community Radio and Natural Disasters (Indonesia)
- Cultural Front (Canada)
- Dalit Movement Media (India)
- December 2008 Revolt Media (Greece)
- Environmental Movement Media
- Extreme Right and Anti-Extreme Right Media (Vlaanderen/Flanders)
- Free Tibet Movement's Publicity
- Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar)
- Kefaya Movement Media (Egypt)
- Khalistan Movement Media (India/Transnational)
- Media Activism in the Kwangju Uprising (Korea)
- Media Against Communalism (India)
- Media Justice Movement (United States)
- MediACT (Korea)
- Moon River Movement Media (Thailand)
- National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) to 1933
- Naxalite Movement Media (India)
- New Media and Alternative Cultural Sphere (Iran)
- November-December 1995 Social Movement Media (France)
- Paramilitary Media (Northern Ireland)
- Peace Media (Colombia)
- Political Graffiti (Greece)
- Prague Spring Media
- Radio Andaquí and the Belén Media School (Colombia)
- Revolutionary Media, 1956 (Hungary)
- Small Media Against Big Oil (Nigeria)
- Social Movement Media (Macedonia)
- Social Movement Media (Philippines)
- Social Movement Media in 1987 Clashes (Korea)
- Social Movement Media in the Emergency (India)
- Social Movement Media in the Sandinista Era (Nicaragua)
- Social Movement Media, 1915–1970 (Haïti)
- Social Movement Media, 1920s–1970s (Japan)
- Social Movement Media, 1960s–1980s (Chile)
- Social Movement Media, 1971–1990 (Haïti)
- Social Movement Media, 1980s–2000s (Japan)
- Social Movement Media, 1991–2010 (Haïti)
- Social Movement Media, 2001–2002 (Argentina)
- Social Movement Media, Anti-Apartheid (South Africa)
- Social Movement Media, Post-Apartheid (South Africa)
- Wayruro People's Communication (Argentina)
- Weimar Republic Dissident Cultures (Germany)
- White Supremacist Tattoos (United States)
- Youth Media
- Youth Protest Media (Switzerland)
- Youth-Generated Media
- Zapatista Media (México)
- Regions
- Alternative Media
- Suara Independen (Indonesia)
- Tehelka Magazine (India)
- Activist Cinema in the 1970s (France)
- Adbusters Media Foundation (Canada)
- Adivasi Movement Media (India)
- Advocate, The (United States)
- Al-Jazeera as Global Alternative News Source (Qatar/Transnational)
- Alliance for Community Media (United States)
- Alternative Comics (United States)
- Alternative Information Center (Israel and Palestine)
- Alternative Local Press (United Kingdom)
- Alternative Media
- Alternative Media (Malaysia)
- Alternative Media at Political Summits
- Alternative Media Center (United States)
- Alternative Media Global Project
- Alternative Media Heritage in Latin America
- Alternative Media in the World Social Forum
- Alternative Media: Policy Issues
- AlterNet (United States)
- Anarchist and Libertarian Media, 1945–2010 (Federal Germany)
- Anarchist and Libertarian Press, 1945–1990 (Eastern Germany)
- Anarchist Media
- ANCLA Clandestine News Agency (Argentina)
- Angry Buddhist Monk Phenomenon (Southeast Asia)
- Ankara Trash-Sorters' Media (Turkey)
- Anti–Anticommunist Media Under McCarthyism (United States)
- Anticolonial Press (British Colonial Africa)
- Anti-Fascist Media, 1922–1945 (Italy)
- Appalshop (United States)
- Arab Bloggers as Citizen Journalists (Transnational)
- Audiocassettes and Political Critique (Kenya)
- Ballyhoo Magazine (United States)
- Barbie Liberation Organization (United States)
- Barricada TV (Argentina)
- Beheading Videos (Iraq/Transnational)
- Belle de Jour Blog (United Kingdom)
- Berber Video-Films (Morocco)
- Bhangra, Resistance, and Rituals (South Asia/Transnational)
- BiA Independent Communication Network (Turkey)
- Black Atlantic Liberation Media (Transnational)
- Black Exploitation Cinema (United States)
- Black Press (United States)
- Bloggers Under Occupation, 2003- (Iraq)
- Boxer Rebellion Theater (China)
- Center for Digital Storytelling (United States)
- Challenge for Change Film Movement (Canada)
- Channel Four TV and Underground Radio (Taiwan)
- Chipko Environmental Movement Media (India)
- Christian Radio (United States)
- Church of Life After Shopping (United States)
- Cine Insurgente/Rebel Cinema (Argentina)
- Citizen Journalism
- Citizens' Media
- Communist Movement Media, 1950s–1960s (Hong Kong)
- Community Broadcasting (Canada)
- Community Broadcasting Audiences (Australia)
- Community Media (Venezuela)
- Community Media and the Third Sector
- Community Radio (Haïti)
- Community Radio (Ireland)
- Community Radio (Sri Lanka)
- Community Radio and Natural Disasters (Indonesia)
- Community Radio and Podcasting (United States)
- Community Radio in Pau da Lima (Brasil)
- Community Radio Movement (India)
- Community Radio Stations (Brasil)
- Copyleft
- COR TV, 2006, Oaxaca (México)
- Creative Commons
- Cultural Front (Canada)
- Culture Jamming
- Dalit Movement Media (India)
- Dance as Social Activism (South Asia)
- Dangwai Magazines (Taiwan)
- December 2008 Revolt Media (Greece)
- Deep Dish TV (United States)
- Democracy Now! and Pacifica Radio (United States)
- Dischord Records (United States)
- DIVA TV and ACT UP (United States)
- Documentary Film for Social Change (India)
- El Teatro Campesino
- Eland Ceremony, Abatwa People's (Southern Africa)
- Environmental Movement Media
- EuroMayDay
- Extreme Right and Anti-Extreme Right Media (Vlaanderen/Flanders)
- Fantagraphics Books (United States)
- Feminist Media, 1960–1990 (Germany)
- Feminist Media: An Overview
- Feminist Movement Media (United States)
- First Peoples' Media (Canada)
- Free Radio (Austria)
- Free Radio Movement (Italy)
- Free Radio Movement, 1974–1981 (France)
- Free Tibet Movement's Publicity
- Gay Press (Canada, United Kingdom, United States)
- Gay USA
- Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina)
- Grassroots Tech Activists and Media Policy
- H.I.J.O.S. and Escraches (Argentina)
- HIV/AIDS Media (India)
- Hong Kong In-Media
- Human Rights Media
- Independence Movement Media (India)
- Independence Movement Media (Vietnam)
- Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar)
- Indian People's Theatre Association
- Indigenous Media (Australia)
- Indigenous Media (Burma/Myanmar)
- Indigenous Media in Latin America
- Indigenous Peoples' Media
- Indigenous Radio Stations (México)
- Industrial Workers of the World Media (United States)
- Indymedia (The Independent Media Center)
- Indymedia and Gender
- Indymedia: East Asia
- Installation Art Media
- Internet and the Fall of Dictatorship (Indonesia)
- Internet Social Movement Media (Hong Kong)
- Kayapó Video (Brasil)
- Kefaya Movement Media (Egypt)
- Khalistan Movement Media (India/Transnational)
- Kurdish “Mountain” Journalism
- La Nova Cançó Protest Song (Països Catalans)
- Labor Media (United States)
- Le Monde diplomatique (France/Transnational)
- Le Monde diplomatique (France/Transnational)
- Leeds Other Paper/Northern Star (United Kingdom)
- Leninist Underground Media Model
- Leveller Magazine (United Kingdom)
- Lookout! Records (United States)
- Love and Rockets Comic Books (United States)
- Low-Power FM Radio (United States)
- Madang Street Theater (Korea)
- Maori Media and Social Movements (Aotearoa/New Zealand)
- Mawonaj (Haïti)
- May 1968 Poetry and Graffiti (France/Transnational)
- Media Activism in the Kwangju Uprising (Korea)
- Media Activists and Communication Policy Processes
- Media Against Communalism (India)
- Media Education Foundation (United States)
- Media Infrastructure Policy and Media Activism
- Media Justice Movement (United States)
- MediACT (Korea)
- Medvedkine Groups and Workers' Cinema (France)
- Migrant Workers' Television (Korea)
- Miners' Radio Stations (Bolivia)
- Mobile Communication and Social Movements
- Moon River Movement Media (Thailand)
- Mother Earth (United States)
- Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina)
- Murals (Northern Ireland)
- Music and Dissent (Ghana and Nigeria)
- Music and Social Protest (Malawi)
- Nairobi Slumdwellers' Media (Kenya)
- National Alternative Media Network (Argentina)
- National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) to 1933
- Naxalite Movement Media (India)
- New Culture and May 4th Movements Media (China)
- New Media and Activism
- New Media and Alternative Cultural Sphere (Iran)
- Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool
- November-December 1995 Social Movement Media (France)
- OhmyNews (Korea)
- Online Diaspora (Zambia)
- Online Nationalism (China)
- Palestinian Interwar Press
- Paper Tiger Television (United States)
- Paramilitary Media (Northern Ireland)
- Parodies of Dominant Discourse (Zambia)
- Participatory Media
- Peace Media (Colombia)
- Performance Art and Social Movement Media: Augusto Boal
- Pirate Radio (Israel)
- Pirate Radio (Lebanon)
- Political Cartooning, 1870s-Present (India)
- Political Critique in Nollywood Video-Films (Nigeria)
- Political Graffiti (Greece)
- Political Jokes (Zimbabwe)
- Political Song (Liberia and Sierra Leone)
- Political Song (Northern Ireland)
- Popular Music and Political Expression (Côte d'Ivoire)
- Popular Music and Protest (Ethiopia)
- Prague Spring Media
- Prisoners' Radio
- Prometheus Radio Project (United States)
- Protest Music (Haïti)
- Public Access
- Radical Software (United States)
- Radio Andaquí and the Belén Media School (Colombia)
- Radio La Tribu (Argentina)
- Radio Lorraine Coeur d'Acier (France)
- Radio Mille Collines and Kangura Magazine (Rwanda)
- Radio Student and Radio Mars (Slovenia)
- RAW Magazine (United States)
- Reggae and Resistance (Jamaica)
- Rembetiko Songs (Greece)
- Resistance Through Ridicule (Africa)
- Revolutionary Media, 1956 (Hungary)
- Samizdat Underground Media (Soviet Bloc)
- Sarabhai Family and the Darpana Academy (India)
- Sex Workers' Blogs
- Sixth Generation Cinema (China)
- Small Media Against Big Oil (Nigeria)
- Social Democratic Media to 1914 (Germany)
- Social Movement and Modern Dance (Bengal)
- Social Movement Media (Macedonia)
- Social Movement Media (Philippines)
- Social Movement Media in 1987 Clashes (Korea)
- Social Movement Media in 2009 Crisis (Iran)
- Social Movement Media in the Emergency (India)
- Social Movement Media in the Sandinista Era (Nicaragua)
- Social Movement Media, 1915–1970 (Haïti)
- Social Movement Media, 1920s–1970s (Japan)
- Social Movement Media, 1960s–1980s (Chile)
- Social Movement Media, 1971–1990 (Haïti)
- Social Movement Media, 1980s–2000s (Japan)
- Social Movement Media, 1991–2010 (Haïti)
- Social Movement Media, 2001–2002 (Argentina)
- Social Movement Media, Anti-Apartheid (South Africa)
- Social Movement Media, Post-Apartheid (South Africa)
- Southern Patriot, The, 1942–1973 (United States)
- Spare Rib Magazine (United Kingdom)
- Spread Magazine (United States)
- Stay Free! Magazine (United States)
- Stonewall Incident (United States)
- Street Theater (Canada)
- Street Theater (India)
- Tamil Nationalist Media (Sri Lanka/Transnational)
- Third Cinema
- Third World Network (Malaysia)
- Undocumented Workers' Internet Use (France)
- Vernacular Poetry Audiotapes in the Arab World
- Video SEWA (India)
- Wartime Underground Resistance Press, 1941–1944 (Greece)
- Wayruro People's Communication (Argentina)
- Weimar Republic Dissident Cultures (Germany)
- White Supremacist Tattoos (United States)
- Whole Earth Catalog (United States)
- WITNESS Video (United States)
- Women Bloggers (Egypt)
- Women's Movement Media (India)
- Women's Radio (Austria)
- Workers' Film and Photo League (United States)
- Yes Men, The (United States)
- Youth Media
- Youth Protest Media (Switzerland)
- Youth Rock Music (China)
- Youth-Generated Media
- Zapatista Media (México)
- Zionist Movement Media, Pre–1948
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