SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media

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Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar)

By: Lisa Brooten
In: Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media
Edited by: John D.H. Downing
Subject:General Media, Communication & Cultural Studies, Social & Cultural Anthropology
Keywords:cyclones; listserv; opposition; political opposition; regime; spiders; stringers

Burma's border-based media have a long history, including clandestine radio stations such as the ethnic Karen-controlled Radio Kawthoolei, named after the Karen homeland, which began broadcasting in 1949 and continued intermittently during the 1970s and 1980s. Journals and ...

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  Brooten, L. (2011). Independent media (burma/myanmar). In J. D. Downing (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social movement media (pp. 243-246). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412979313.n106
  
  Brooten, Lisa. "Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar)." In Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media, edited by Downing, John D.H., 243-46. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412979313.n106.
  
  Brooten, L. 2011. Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar). In: John D. Downing Editor, 2011. Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 243-246 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412979313.n106> [Accessed 18 Aug 2022].
  
  Brooten, Lisa. "Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar)." Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. Edited by John D. Downing. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011, pp. 243-46. SAGE Knowledge. 18 Aug 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412979313.n106.
  
  Brooten, Lisa (2011). Independent media (burma/myanmar) In: Downing, John D.H. (Ed.),Independent media (Burma/Myanmar) Encyclopedia of social movement media Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2011:243-246. doi:10.4135/9781412979313.n106
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