Table of Specifications

The table of specifications (TOS) is a tool used to ensure that a test or assessment measures the content and thinking skills that the test intends to [Page 1655]measure. Thus, when used appropriately, it can provide response content and construct (i.e., response process) validity evidence. A TOS may be used for large-scale test construction, classroom-level assessments by teachers, and psychometric scale development. It is a foundational tool in designing tests or measures for research and educational purposes.

The primary purpose of a TOS is to ensure alignment between the items or elements of an assessment and the content, skills, or constructs that the assessment intends to assess. That is, a TOS helps test constructors to focus on issue of response content, ensuring that the test or ...