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Focal Concerns Theory
Walter B. Miller presented a pure cultural theory of gang delinquency in 1958 that has been generalized to the lower class. His theory, proposed in a short article titled “Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency,” submitted that ...
- Biographies
- Abu-Jamal, Mumia
- Bonger, Willem Adriaan
- Brown, Lee P.
- Bully-Cummings, Ella
- Byrd, James, Jr.
- Cochran, Johnnie
- Davis, Angela
- Du Bois, W. E. B.
- Ferguson, Colin
- Frazier, E. Franklin
- Goetz, Bernard
- Harvard, Beverly
- Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr.
- Houston, Charles Hamilton
- Jackson, George
- King, Rodney
- Mann, Coramae
- McVeigh, Timothy
- Peltier, Leonard
- Pictou-Aquash, Anna Mae
- Thomas, Clarence
- Till, Emmett
- Walker, Zachariah
- Ward, Benjamin
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
- Wilson, Genarlow
- Work, Monroe Nathan
- Cases
- Batson v. Kentucky
- Brown v. City of Oneonta
- Brown v. Mississippi
- Castaneda v. Partida
- Coker v. Georgia
- Dred Scott Case
- Duke University Assault Case
- Escobedo v. Illinois
- Furman v. Georgia
- Gregg v. Georgia
- Illinois v. Wardlow
- In re Gault
- Jena 6
- Johnson v. California
- Kennedy v. Louisiana
- Kimbrough v. United States
- Mapp v. Ohio
- Martinsville Seven
- Maryland v. Wilson
- McCleskey v. Kemp
- Miranda v. Arizona
- Missouri v. Celia, a Slave
- Moore v. Dempsey
- Norris v. Alabama
- O. J. Simpson Case
- Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
- Powell v. Alabama
- Roper v. Simmons
- State v. Soto
- Tennessee v. Garner
- Terry v. Ohio
- Till, Emmett
- United States v. Antelope
- United States v. Armstrong
- United States v. Booker
- United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
- United States v. Wheeler
- Whren v. United States
- Concepts and Theories
- “Truly Disadvantaged”
- Alienation
- Biological Theories
- Birth of a Nation, The
- Black Criminology
- Black Ethnic Monolith
- Black Feminist Criminology
- Chicago School of Sociology
- Code of the Streets
- Colonial Model
- Community Policing
- Conflict Theory
- Conservative Criminology
- Convict Criminology
- Convict Lease System
- Cool Pose
- Crime Statistics and Reporting
- Criminalblackman
- Critical Race Theory
- Critical White Studies
- Culture Conflict Theory
- Deportation
- Discrimination-Disparity Continuum
- Environmental Crime
- Environmental Racism
- Ethnicity
- Fear of Crime
- Focal Concerns Theory
- Focal Concerns Theory, Labeling
- Gender Entrapment Theory
- General Theory of Crime
- Ghetto, Ethnoracial Prison
- Great Migration
- Hurricane Katrina
- Hypermasculinity
- Inequality Theory
- Institutional Racism
- IQ
- Labeling Theory
- Latina/o Criminology
- Marshall Hypotheses
- Masculinity and Crime
- Minority Group Threat
- Moral Panics
- Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System
- Peace Pledge
- Petit Apartheid
- r/K Theory
- Racial Hoax
- Racialization of Crime
- Restorative Justice
- Scarface Myth
- Social Capital
- Social Construction of Reality
- Social Control Theory
- Social Disorganization Theory
- Social Distance
- Social Justice
- Strain Theory
- Structural-Cultural Perspective
- Subculture of Violence Theory
- White Crime
- White Privilege
- Corrections
- Attica Prison Revolt
- Boot Camps, Adult
- Boot Camps, Juvenile
- Chain Gangs
- Disproportionate Incarceration
- Faith-Based Initiatives and Prisons
- Felon Disenfranchisement
- Innocence Project
- Intermediate Sanctions
- Political Prisoners
- Prison Abolition
- Prison Gangs
- Prison, Judicial Ghetto
- Prisoner Reentry
- Prisoners, Infectious Diseases and
- Private Prisons
- Recidivism
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Supermax Prisons
- Wrongful Convictions
- Courts
- Baldus Study
- Capital Jury Project
- Drug Courts
- Jury Nullification
- Jury Selection
- Native American Courts
- Plea Bargaining
- Presentencing
- Race Card, Playing the
- Sentencing
- Sentencing Disparities, African Americans
- Sentencing Disparities, Latina/o/s
- Sentencing Disparities, Native Americans
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Wilmington Ten
- Drugs
- Anti-Drug Abuse Acts
- CIA Drug Scandal
- Cocaine Laws
- Crack Babies
- Crack Epidemic
- Crack Mothers
- Decriminalization of Drugs
- Drug Cartels
- Drug Courts
- Drug Dealers
- Drug Sentencing
- Drug Sentencing, Federal
- Drug Trafficking
- Drug Treatment
- Drug Use
- Drug Use by Juveniles
- Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914
- Methamphetamine
- Native Americans and Substance Abuse
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Tulia, Texas, Drug Sting
- War on Drugs
- Juvenile Justice
- At-Risk Youth
- Black Codes
- Boot Camps, Juvenile
- Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence
- Child Savers
- Children of Female Offenders
- Cultural Literacy
- Culturally Specific Delinquency Programs
- Delinquency and Victimization
- Delinquency Prevention
- Disproportionate Minority Contact and Confinement
- Evidence-Based Delinquency Prevention for Minority Youth
- Faith-Based Initiatives and Delinquency
- Family and Delinquency
- Female Juvenile Delinquents
- General Theory of Crime
- Hip Hop, Rap, and Delinquency
- Houses of Refuge
- Juvenile Crime
- Juvenile Drug Courts
- Juvenile Waivers to Adult Court
- Mentoring Programs
- Reformatories
- School Shootings
- Self-Esteem and Delinquency
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Status Offenses
- Superpredators
- Victimization, Youth
- Violent Juvenile Offenders
- Youth Gangs
- Youth Gangs, Prevention of
- Zero Tolerance Policies
- Media
- Blaxploitation Movies
- Media Portrayals of African Americans
- Media Portrayals of Asian Americans
- Media Portrayals of Latina/o/s
- Media Portrayals of Native Americans
- Media Portrayals of White Americans
- Media, Print
- Movies
- Public Opinion Polls
- Public Opinion, Death Penalty
- Public Opinion, Juvenile Delinquency
- Public Opinion, Police
- Public Opinion, Punishment
- Television Dramas
- Television News
- Television Reality Shows
- Video Games
- Organizations
- 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care
- Alliance for Justice
- Anti-Defamation League
- Atlanta University School of Sociological Research
- Baldus Study
- Black Panther Party
- Brown Berets
- Bureau of Indian Affairs
- Guardians, The (Police Associations)
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities
- John Jay College Center on Race, Crime and Justice
- Ku Klux Klan
- Latino Justice PRLDEF
- League of United Latin American Citizens
- NAACP Legal Defense Fund
- Nation of Islam
- National African American Drug Policy Coalition
- National American Indian Court Judges Association
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice
- National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement
- National Council of La Raza
- National Criminal Justice Association
- National Native American Law Enforcement Association
- National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives
- National Tribal Justice Resource Center
- National Urban League
- Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice
- Sentencing Project, The
- Southern Poverty Law Center
- U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Civil Rights
- Universal Negro Improvement Association
- Vera Institute of Justice
- W. Haywood Burns Institute for Juvenile Justice Fairness and Equity
- Police
- Boston Gun Project
- COINTELPRO and Covert Operations
- Disproportionate Arrests
- DNA Profiling
- Police Accountability
- Police Action, Citizens' Preferences
- Police Corruption
- Police Use of Force
- Profiling, Ethnic: Use by Police and Homeland Security
- Profiling, Mass Murderer
- Profiling, Racial: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
- Profiling, Serial Killer
- Rampart Investigation
- Slave Patrols
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Tasers
- Tribal Police
- Public Policy
- Anti-Drug Abuse Acts
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Christopher Commission
- Dyer Bill
- Gang Injunctions
- Hate Crimes Statistics Act
- Immigration Legislation
- Immigration Policy
- Indian Civil Rights Act
- Indian Self-Determination Act
- Ku Klux Klan Act
- Mandatory Minimums
- Mediation in Criminal Justice
- Mollen Commission
- National Commission on Law Observation and Enforcement
- No-Fly Lists
- Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
- Operation Wetback
- President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
- President's Initiative on Race
- Racial Justice Act
- Three Strikes Laws
- Tuskegee Syphilis Study
- War on Terror
- Willie Bosket Law
- Race Riots
- Specific Populations
- African American Gangs
- African Americans
- Arab Americans
- Asian American Gangs
- Asian Americans
- Consumer Racial Profiling
- Dehumanization of Blacks
- European Americans
- Female Gangs
- Human Trafficking
- Immigrants and Crime
- Jamaican Posse
- Japanese Internment
- Latina/o/s
- Latino Gangs
- Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13)
- Mariel Cubans
- Militias
- Minutemen
- Model Minorities
- Native Americans
- Native Americans and Substance Abuse
- Native Americans: Culture, Identity, and the Criminal Justice System
- Prison Gangs
- Rastafarians
- Religious Minorities
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Violent Females
- White Gangs
- White Supremacists
- Wilmington Ten
- Violence and Crime
- Anti-Semitism
- Central Park Jogger
- Child Abuse
- D.C. Sniper
- Domestic Violence
- Domestic Violence, African Americans
- Domestic Violence, Latina/o/s
- Domestic Violence, Native Americans
- Elder Abuse
- Gambling
- Gringo Justice
- Hate Crimes
- HIV/AIDS
- Homicide Seriousness Dyad
- Immigrants and Crime
- Interracial Crime
- Intraracial Crime
- Lynching
- Native American Massacres
- Opium Wars
- Organized Crime
- Racial Conflict
- Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing
- Skinheads
- Slave Rebellions
- Slavery and Violence
- Statistics and Race and Crime: Accessing Data Online (Appendix B)
- Stop Snitching Campaign
- Victim and Witness Intimidation
- Victim Services
- Victimization, African American
- Victimization, Asian American
- Victimization, Latina/o
- Victimization, Native American
- Victimization, White
- Vigilantism
- Violence Against Girls
- Violence Against Women
- Violent Crime
- Wilding
- Zoot Suit Riots
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