- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Formative Research
All public relations activities begin with formative research, an effort to understand the current situation. A public relations activity is like a journey. The better prepared a person is for a journey, the more pleasant it will be. For practitioners, the ...
- Crisis Communication and Management
- Cyberspace
- Ethics
- Global Public Relations
- Africa, practice of public relations in
- Asia, practice of public relations in
- Australia and New Zealand, practice of public relations in
- Canada, practice of public relations in
- Confederation Europeenne des Relations Publiques (CERP)
- Europe, practice of public relations in
- Institute of Public Relations (IPR)
- International Public Relations Association
- South Africa, practice of public relations in
- Sweden, practice of public relations in
- Groups
- History
- Age of deference (end of)
- Ailes, Roger Eugene
- Antecedents of modern public relations
- Baker, Joseph Varney
- Barkelew, Ann H.
- Barnum, P. T.
- Battle of the currents
- Baxter, Leone, and Whitaker, Clem
- Beeman, Alice L.
- Berlowe, Phyllis
- Bernays, Edward
- Black, Sam
- Block, Ed
- Bogart, Judith S.
- Boulwarism
- Burson, Harold
- Byoir, Carl
- Chase, W. Howard
- Colorado Coal Strike
- Committee on Public Information
- Crisis communications and the Tylenol poisonings
- Cutlip, Scott M.
- Davis, Elmer, and the Office of War Information
- Deontology
- Drobis, David
- Druckenmiller, Robert T.
- Dudley, Pendleton
- Ellsworth, James Drummond
- Epley, Joe
- Exxon and the Valdez crisis
- Fleischman, Doris Elsa
- Four-Minute Men
- Frede, Ralph E.
- Golin, Al
- Gregg, Dorothy
- Griswold, Denny
- Hammond, George
- Hill, John Wiley
- Hood, Caroline
- Hoog, Thomas W.
- Howlett, E. Roxie
- Hunter, Barbara W.
- Industrial barons (of the 1870s–1920s)
- Insull, Samuel
- Jaffe, Lee K.
- Kaiser, Inez Y.
- Kassewitz, Ruth B.
- Kendrix, Moss
- Laurie, Marilyn
- Lee, Ivy
- Lesly, Phillip
- Lobsenz, Amelia
- Lucky Strike Green Campaign
- Muckrakers (and the age of progressivism)
- Newsom, Earl
- Oeckl, Albert
- Page, Arthur W.
- Parke, Isobel
- Parker, George
- Penney, Pat
- Perjury
- Plank, Betsy
- Propaganda
- Railroad industry in the 19th century
- Regulated monopolies
- Roberts, Rosalee A.
- Ross, Thomas J. “Tommy”
- Schoonover, Jean
- Smith, Rea
- Sonnenberg, Ben
- Spin
- Traverse-Healy, Tim
- Jargon
- Actuality
- Advance
- Backgrounder
- Beat
- Benchmarking
- Bio
- Bridge
- Byline
- Campaign
- Caption/cutline
- Chat
- Clip (news clip) and clipping services
- Collateral
- Communitarianism
- Control
- Co-optation
- Copy
- Credits
- Culture
- Deadline
- De-positioning
- Dialogue
- Differentiation
- Direct mail
- Discussion board
- Doublespeak
- Editing
- Editorial
- Endorsement
- Environmental scanning
- Event
- Fact sheet
- FAQs
- Feature
- Flack
- Flame
- Flier
- Focus group
- Font
- Frame
- Freelance writers
- Fundraising
- Gatekeepers
- Ghostwriting
- Goals
- Goodwill
- Graphics
- Gross impressions
- Hearing
- Hold and Hold for release
- Home page
- Hotline
- Human interest
- Hyperlink
- Identification
- Image
- Impressions
- Infomercial
- Internship
- Issues management
- Layout
- Legitimacy and legitimacy gap
- Lobbying
- Localize
- Logo
- Market share
- Mean and median
- Measuring/measures
- Media calls
- Media conferences
- Media effects
- Media relations
- Media release
- Mentoring
- Mission and vision statements
- Multimedia
- Narrowcasting/broadcasting
- News and newsworthy
- News services
- News story
- Newsletter
- Op-ed
- Openness
- Opportunity and threat
- Parent/student newsletter
- Perjury
- Philanthropy
- Photo-op
- Pitch letter
- Political speech
- Portfolio
- Position and positioning
- Practice
- Press agentry
- Press kit
- Privatizing public opinion (and “publictizing” private opinion)
- Proactivity and reactivity
- Professional and professionalism
- Promotion
- Propaganda
- Psychographics
- Psychological processing
- Public affairs
- Public interest
- Public opinion and opinion leaders
- Public relations department
- Public sector
- Public service announcements (PSAs)
- Publicist
- Publicity
- Publics
- Puffery
- Pyramid style
- Reach
- Reliability
- Reputation management
- Return on investment
- Risk communication
- Sampling
- Scales
- Search engine
- Segmentation
- Society
- Sound bite
- Spin
- Stakes
- Straight news
- Strain
- Strategies
- Stylebook
- Survey
- Symmetry
- Tactics
- Tag
- Target
- Third-party endorsement
- Trade associations (and Hill & Knowlton's role in)
- Trust
- Two-way and one-way communication
- Validity
- Wire service
- Management
- Media
- Organizations
- Agenda Online
- Business Wire
- Committee on Public Information
- Confederation Europeenne des Relations Publiques (CERP)
- Davis, Elmer, and the Office of War Information
- EDGAR Online
- Editor and publisher
- Federal Communications Commission
- Federal Trade Commission
- Institute for Public Relations (IPR)
- International Association of Business Communicators (IABC)
- International Public Relations Association
- Issue Management Council
- National Black Public Relations Society (NBPRS)
- National Investor Relations Institute
- PR Newswire
- PR Watch
- ProfNet
- Public Affairs Council
- Public Relations Society of America
- Public Relations Student Society of America
- Securities and Exchange Commission
- Practitioners
- Ailes, Roger Eugene
- Baker, Joseph Varney
- Barkelew, Ann H.
- Barnum, P. T.
- Baxter, Leone, and Whitaker, Clem
- Beeman, Alice L.
- Berlowe, Phyllis
- Bernays, Edward
- Black, Sam
- Block, Ed
- Bogart, Judith S.
- Burson, Harold
- Byoir, Carl
- Chase, W. Howard
- Cutlip, Scott M.
- Davis, Elmer, and the Office of War Information
- Drobis, David
- Druckenmiller, Robert T.
- Dudley, Pendleton
- Ellsworth, James Drummond
- Epley, Joe
- Fleischman, Doris Elsa
- Frede, Ralph E.
- Golin, Al
- Gregg, Dorothy
- Griswold, Denny
- Hammond, George
- Hill, John Wiley
- Hood, Caroline
- Hoog, Thomas W.
- Howlett, E. Roxie
- Hunter, Barbara W.
- Insull, Samuel
- Jaffe, Lee K.
- Kaiser, Inez Y.
- Kassewitz, Ruth B.
- Kendrix, Moss
- Laurie, Marilyn
- Lee, Ivy
- Lesly, Phillip
- Lobsenz, Amelia
- Newsom, Earl
- Oeckl, Albert
- Page, Arthur W.
- Parke, Isobel
- Parker, George
- Penney, Pat
- Plank, Betsy
- Roberts, Rosalee A.
- Ross, Thomas J. “Tommy”
- Schoonover, Jean
- Smith, Rea
- Sonnenberg, Ben
- Traverse-Healy, Tim
- Vail, Theodore Newton
- Relations
- Africa, practice of public relations in
- Alumni relations
- Annual community reports
- Antecedents of modern public relations
- Asia, practice of public relations in
- Australia and New Zealand, practice of public relations in
- Canada, practice of public relations in
- Codes of public relations practice
- College and university public relations
- Community relations
- Confederation Europeenne des Relations Publiques (CERP)
- Consumer/customer relations
- Europe, practice of public relations in
- Functions of public relations
- Government relations
- Institute of Public Relations (IPR)
- International Public Relations Association
- Investor relations
- Labor union public relations
- Managing the corporate public relations department
- Media relations
- Minorities in public relations
- National Black Public Relations Society (NBPRS)
- Online public relations
- Postcolonialism theory and public relations
- Public relations
- Public relations agency
- Public relations department
- Public Relations Field Dynamics (PRFD)
- Public relations research
- Public Relations Society of America
- Public Relations Student Society of America
- South Africa, practice of public relations in
- Sweden, practice of public relations in
- Travel and tourism public relations
- United Kingdom, practice of public relations in
- United States government and public relations
- Voter and constituent relations
- Warfare and public relations
- Women in public relations
- Reports
- Research and Analysis
- Benchmarking
- Case study
- Content analysis
- Experiment/experimental methods
- Fantasy theme analysis theory
- Focus group
- Formative research
- Interview as a research tool
- Process research
- Public relations research
- Qualitative research
- Quantitative research
- Reliability
- Research goals
- Sampling
- Scales
- Situation analysis
- Statistical analysis
- Survey
- Validity
- Theories and Models
- Accommodation: contingency theory
- Agenda-setting theory
- Apologia theory
- Attribution theory
- Chaos and complexity theory
- Co-creation of meaning theory
- Communitarianism
- Constructionism theory
- Contingency theory
- Co-orientation theory
- Critical theory
- Cultivation theory
- Decision theory
- Diffusion of innovations theory
- Discourse theory
- Dramatism and dramatism theory
- Encroachment theory
- Excellence theory
- Fantasy theme analysis theory
- Feminization theory
- Framing theory
- Game theory
- Health Belief Model
- Image restoration theory
- Impression management theory
- Information integration theory
- Intercultural communication theory
- Interpersonal communication theory
- Learning theory
- Management theory
- Motivation theory
- Narrative theory
- Network theory
- Perspectivism theory
- Persuasion theory
- Postcolonialism theory and public relations
- Power resource management theory
- Reinforcement theory
- Relationship management theory
- Rhetorical theory
- Rules theory
- Semiotics theory
- Situational theory of publics
- Social construction of reality theory
- Social exchange theory
- Social movement theory
- Spiral of silence theory
- Stakeholder theory
- Subjective expected utilities theory
- Symbolic interactionism theory
- Systems theory
- Theory of reasoned action
- Theory-based practice
- Transtheoretical model of behavior change
- Two-step flow theory
- Uncertainty reduction theory
- Uses and gratifications theory
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